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5. Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, & D.G. Berrett 1977. Ornithological Observations on Yap, Western Caroline Islands. Micronesica. 13 (1): 49-56. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1977.
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Ornithological Observations on Yap, Western Caroline Islands

Pratt, H.D., P.L. Bruner, & D.G. Berrett

The Yap Group has been the least known of all the major Micronesian island groups in terms of the bird fauna. Baker's (1951) treatise on the birds of Micronesia contains little information regarding the Yapese avifauna. Fisher (1950) reported on a month's ornithological observation and collecting on Yap in 1946. For a discussion of the topography and vegetation of Yap, the reader is referred to that paper. Virtually nothing has been written in the subsequent quarter century concerning Yapese birds.
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Micronesica 13 (1): 49-56, 1977.
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Pratt, Bruner, & Berrett 1977
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ornithological_observations_on_yap_western_caroline_islands_by_pratt_h.d.p.l._bruner_d.g._berrett_-_micronesica_vol._13_no._1_june_1977_o.pdf (2.51 MB)
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5. Miller, H.A 1968. Bryophyta of Guam and Northern Micronesia. Micronesica. 4 (1): 49-83. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1968.
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Bryophyta of Guam and Northern Micronesia

Miller, H.A

The cryptogamic flora of Guam and northern Micronesia has received less attention than the vascular flora although it is not less interesting either taxonomically or phytogeographically. Reports of collections date back to Gaudichaud (1828), but the bryophyte flora has remained little known. Merrill (1914) listed ten liverworts and thirteen mosses from Guam. During the period of Japanese control after World War I, several Japanese botanists collected in Micronesia at Ponape, Palau, and Yap. In the 1930's Yoshiwo Horikawa of Hiroshima began a series of field trips to northern Micronesia. His several contributions (see Miller, 1960) added new records to the flora as well as several new species and the genus Boninoleptocolea. Some smaller unreported Japanese collections are known and these will be studied as they become available. Following World War II with the establishment of Micronesia as a United Nations protectorate, entry for valid scientific purposes was possible and American biologists undertook the study of the flora and fauna. In 1960, I was able to make collections on Guam enroute to and from the Carolines and in 1965 I collected on Guam, Rota, and Saipan. Study of these collections is just begun so the following lists are also somewhat incomplete. Even so, at least 85% of any general bryophyte collection from Guam and northern Micronesia should be placed to genus accurately with the following keys. The chance of finding a species still unreported is greater than that for locating an unreported genus.
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Micronesica 4 (1): 49-83, 1968.
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Miller 1968
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miller_h.a.-bryophyta_of_guam_northern_micronesia-micronesica_vol._4_no._1_june_1968_o.pdf (5.06 MB)
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5. Stone, B.C 1965. Notes on Polyscias (Araliaceae) from Micronesia. Micronesica. 2 (1): 51-59. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1965.
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Notes on Polyscias (Araliaceae) from Micronesia

Stone, B.C

Several species of the genus Polyscias J.R. & G. Forst. are frequently encountered in the vegetation of the Pacific Islands, both as wild plants and as cutivated individuals. Certain forms are also well known in greenhouses and gardens in other parts of the world; most of these were obtained originally from somewhere in the Pacific region. There are several alleged species and varieties distinguished by foliage variation, such as variegation or increasingly fine divisions of the leaflets. Many of these are known only in the sterile condition, or at least bloom but rarely in cultivation. The origins and relationships of these plants are thus obscure. Some of them have been given formal botanical names, ranked as species or varieties, but these they probably do not merit. Although some of them have been known to horticulturists and botanists alike for over two hundred years, there has been very little progress in elucidating their position in the genus. Furthermore there is a surprising lack of material represented in herbaria, at least of flowering and/or fruiting specimens.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 2 (1): 51-59, 1965.
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Stone 1965
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notes_on_polyscias_araliaceae_from_micronesia_by_stone_b.c._-_micronesica_vol._2_no._1_june_1965ob.pdf (9.31 MB)
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5. Garrigue, C. & R.T. Tsuda 1988. Catalog of Marine Benthic Algae from New Caledonia. Micronesica. 21 (1 & 2): 53-70. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1988.
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Catalog of Marine Benthic Algae from New Caledonia

Garrigue, C. & R.T. Tsuda

A catalog of the marine benthic algae (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta) reported from New Caledonia is presented in two sections-I. Classification; II. Checklist with references and localities. There are 35 genera, 130 species of green algae; 23 genera, 59 species of brown algae; and 79 genera, 147 species of red algae which represent a rich algal flora for the subtropics.
Micronesica 21 (1 & 2): 53-70, 1988.
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Garrigue & Tsuda 1988
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catalogbenthicgarriguetsudao.pdf (9.2 MB)
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5. Dixon, B., T. Mangieri, E. McDowell, K. Paraso, T. Rieth 2006. Prehistoric Chamorro household activities and refuse disposal patterns on the Micronesian Island of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 39(1): 55-71. Date Revised/Accepted: 20 March 2006.
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Prehistoric Chamorro household activities and refuse disposal patterns on the Micronesian Island of Tinian, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

Dixon, B., T. Mangieri, E. McDowell, K. Paraso, T. Rieth

This study presents new data from the investigation of six prehistoric habitation sites on the Micronesian island of Tinian in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) to interpret the nature of domestic activities and refuse disposal patterns associated with Latte Period households and their communities. Domestic refuse around elevated house foundations (called latte sets in the Mariana Islands) was examined through the medium of systematic shovel tests and limited excavation to reveal the extent and composition of subsurface deposits. Five groups of cultural materials (lusong or stone mortars, pottery / burned clay daub, unworked marine shell remains / faunal bone, stone and shell tools / debitage, and human remains) were used as indicators of various domestic activities. Artifact assemblages and their spatial distribution around each household appeared to indicate the sharing of food preparation, cooking or food and water storage, eating, tool manufacture or use, and human burial between habitations regardless of structure size or date of occupation, suggesting the importance of communal daily activities and ritual events within the larger community. These activities and events also appear to reflect values of modern indigenous Chamorro society, since family sharing of food and labor is an integral part of fiestas, novenas, and rosaries in the Mariana Islands today.
Micronesica 39(1): 55-71, 2006.
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Dixon et al 2006
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5. Yeatman, H.C 1983. Copepods from microhabitats in Fiji, Western Samoa, and Tonga. Micronesica. 19(1-2): 57-90. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1983.
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Copepods from microhabitats in Fiji, Western Samoa, and Tonga

Yeatman, H.C

Samples of copepod Crustacea were taken from taro leaf axils, tree holes, crab holes, tin cans, and car tires in conjunction with experiments by collectors on the susceptibility of these species to infection with Coelomomyces fungus, which alternates from copepod to mosquito hosts. To aid collectors and experimenters in identifying copepods from the South Pacific Islands, descriptions and figures are given for each species and subspecies. Included are eleven kinds of cyclopoids: Halicyclops thermophilus, Halicyclops thermophilus spinifer, Halicyclops septentrionalis, Bryocyclops fidjiensis, Bryocyclops bogoriensis, Mesocyclops leuckarti, Cryptocyclops bicolor linjanticus, Microcyclops microsetus (new species), Tropocyclops confinis, Ectocyclops phaleratus, and Paracyclops fimbriatus. Nine harpacticoids are described, including Phyllognathopus viguieri, Darcythompsonia inopinata, Tigriopus angulatus, Tisbella pulchella, Schizopera tobae, Nitocra lacustris pacificus (new subspecies), Nitocra pseudospinipes (new species), Elaphoidella taroi, and Elaphoidella grandidieri. Some of these species are widely distributed over the world. Some are transported in plants and water containers carried by humans.
Micronesica 19(1-2): 57-90, 1983.
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copepods_from_microhabitats_in_fiji_western_samoa_and_tonga_micronesica_vol._19_no._1-2_dec._1983-6.pdf (6.5 MB)
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5. Newell, C.A 1981. Distribution of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. in the West-Central Pacific. Micronesica. 17 (1 & 2): 59-66. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1981.
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Distribution of Glycine tabacina (Labill.) Benth. in the West-Central Pacific

Newell, C.A

The genus Glycine subgenus Glycine is represented in Taiwan, South China, and the Ryukyu Islands by G. tabacina and G. tomentella. Glycine clandestina has been reported from the Pescadores, Ryukyu and Mariana Islands in the West-Central Pacific. Morphological examination of herbarium material and living collections suggests that those specimens identified as G. clandestina from the Pescadores and Ryukyus are narrow-leaved forms of G. tabacina. Cytological analysis indicates that both broad and narrow-leaved collections of G. tabacina from the area are tetraploid (2n=80). Glycine was collected in the Mariana Islands and found to be G. tabacina, not G. clandestina as previously reported. Morphologically it resembles the broad-leaved G. tabacina which occurs in the Ryukyus and is also tetraploid.
Micronesica 17 (1 & 2): 59-66, 1981.
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Newell 1981
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distribution_of_glycine_tabacina_labill._benth._in_the_west-central_pacific-micronesica_vol._17_nos._1-2_dec._1981o.pdf (2.35 MB)
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5. Koyama, T 1964. The Cyperaceae of Micronesia. Micronesica. 1 (1 & 2): 59-111. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1964.
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The Cyperaceae of Micronesia

Koyama, T

The Cyperaceae of Micronesia includes 67 species of 13 genera. These consist of Pacific, Malaysian and Pantropic elements in almost equal proportions. Based on a review of all major collections concerned, these species are enumerated with taxonomic discussion, and keys to genera and species are provided . In addition to numerous nomenclatural revisions the following new names and new combinations are proposed: Mapania pandanophylla ssp. immensa, Mapania flavinux, Mapania parvibractea, Hypolytrum nemorum ssp. vitiense, Scirpus littoralis ssp. thermalis, Eleocharis congesta ssp. subvivipara, Fimbristylis cymosa ssp. umbellato-capitata, Fimbristylis cymosa ssp. spathacea, Fimbristylis dichotoma ssp. podocarpa, Machaerina mariscoides ssp. colpodes, Schoenus tendo ssp. achaetus, Rhynchospora rugosa ssp. lavarum forma ponapensis, and Carex brunnea ssp. Meyenii.
Micronesica 1 (1 & 2): 59-111, 1964.
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Koyama 1964
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koyama_the_cyperaceae_of_micronesiao.pdf (10.36 MB)
10.36 MB
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5. Bamba, J.P., R.H. Miller, G.V.P. Reddy & R. Muniappan 2009. Studies on the biology, host specificity, and feeding behavior of Acythopeus cocciniae O’Brien and Pakaluk (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (Cucurbitaceae) and Zehneria guamensis (Merrill) Fosberg (Cucurbitaceae). Micronesica. 41(1): 71-82. Date Revised/Accepted: 15 May 2008.
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Studies on the biology, host specificity, and feeding behavior of Acythopeus cocciniae O’Brien and Pakaluk (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (Cucurbitaceae) and Zehneria guamensis (Merrill) Fosberg (Cucurbitaceae)

Bamba, J.P., R.H. Miller, G.V.P. Reddy & R. Muniappan

The invasive plant ivy gourd Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt (Cucurbitaceae) first appeared on Guam in the 1980s and subsequently spread to about 200 ha in the absence of natural enemies. Following its successful introduction as a biological control agent in Hawaii, the weevil Acythopeus cocciniae O’Brien and Pakaluk (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was brought to Guam under quarantine for host specificity testing against the endemic cucurbit, Zehneria guamensis (Merrill) Fosberg (Cucurbitaceae) and for further biological characterization. A. cocciniae preferred C. grandis over Z. guamensis in single- and two-host choice tests. No larval feeding was ever observed on Z. guamensis plants in two-host tests, and the single instance of A. cocciniae feeding on Z. guamensis in single-host tests was likely to avoid starvation. In 2004, A. cocciniae at the initial field release site in northern Guam dispersed primarily downwind in accordance to the prevailing northeasterly trade winds. However, only a single vine with a few adult weevils, larvae, and pupae were found at this site four years later in January 2008. This decrease was attributed to suppression by A. cocciniae. Since its initial release in 2004 A. cocciniae has established and dispersed throughout Guam.
 
Micronesica 41(1): 71-82, 2009.
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5_bamba_reduced.pdf (531.79 KB)
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5. Wycherley, P.R 1973. The Phenology of Plants in the Humid Tropics. Micronesica. 9 (1): 75-96. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 July 1973.
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The Phenology of Plants in the Humid Tropics

Wycherley, P.R

Meteorological phenomena (as indicated by cloudiness and hours of bright sunshine) reinforce or modify the relatively small differences in daylength which result from astronomical conditions. Examples of photoperiodism are discussed in relation to this.

The 'storm' stimulus (fast-falling temperature and/or breaking of water stress) stimulates anthesis in representatives of several families of flowering plants.

The flowering of evergreen forest trees (e.g. Dipterocarpaceae) at irregular intervals is attributed to preceding periods with large diurnal temperature ranges and high maximum temperatures indicating high insolation (which is probably the main inductive factor, because of consequent biochemical conditions associated with accumulation of assimilates and high carbohydrate status). Such flowering is thus not attributed to drought.

Flowering in many deciduous trees follows leaf-fall and/or new leaf appearance. Floral initiation may occur during a period when the tree bears only senescent leaves. Leaf abscission, and thus subsequent emergence of new leaves and flowers, appears to be a response to drought. Susceptibility to dry periods in particular seasons, more than in others, may be due to lack of response by new leaves not yet 'hardened' which results in an insensitive period, followed by a phase in which senescence is accelerated by photoperiodic conditions. In this last phase the foliage is sensitized.
Micronesica 9 (1): 75-96, 1973.
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Wycherley 1973
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phenology_of_plants_in_the_humid_tropics_wycherley_p.r._-micronesica_vol._9_no._1_jul._1973_o.pdf (1.47 MB)
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5. Fosberg, F.R & M.V.C. Falanruw 1975. Noteworthy Micronesian Plants. 1. Micronesica. 11 (1): 77-80. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 July 1975.
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Noteworthy Micronesian Plants. 1.

Fosberg, F.R & M.V.C. Falanruw

During work on collections of Micronesian vascular plants and in the course of preparing treatments of various genera for the Flora of Micronesia, a number of new distributional records and new varieties were found. New records were found in Eustachys, Malaisia, Boehmeria, Canavalia, Teramnus, Euphorbia, Polypremum, and Eupatorium, and new varieties in Canavalia and Ochrosia. Further papers in this series are in preparation.
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Micronesica 11 (1): 77-80, 1975.
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Fosberg & Falanruw 1975
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noteworthy_micronesian_plants_1_by_fosberg_f.r._m.v.c._falanruw_-micronesica_vol.11_no.1_jul._1975_o.pdf (247.25 KB)
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5. Craig, R.J 1992. Ecological Characteristics of a Native Limestone Forest on Saipan, Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 25 (1): 85-97. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1992.
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Ecological Characteristics of a Native Limestone Forest on Saipan, Mariana Islands

Craig, R.J

A remnant native limestone forest in the Marpi region, Saipan, was studied to characterize the species composition, relative species importance, tree basal area, and tree density in that habitat. Using the point-quarter sampling technique on 400 canopy and understory trees each, I found that mean canopy and understory basal area were, respectively, 45140 ± 24144 and 1460 ± 749 m2/ha. Mean trees/ha in the canopy and understory were, respectively, 794 ± 174 and 2579 ± 770. Pisonia grandis overwhelmingly dominated in canopy basal area, whereas Cynometra ramiflora, Pouteria obovata, and Guamia mariannae dominated in the understory. Cynometra ramiflora occurred most densely in the canopy, and C. ramiflora and G. mariannae had the highest densities in the understory. The relative measure of forest prevalence, the importance value, showed that P. grandis and C. ramiflora were the principal canopy species, and C. ramiflora and G. mariannae were the major understory species. A model of forest dynamics is proposed in which P. grandis and other species largely absent from the understory may be maintained in the forest through disturbance, which might facilitate vegetative propagation, flowering, or survival of seedlings. Commonly fruiting, shade tolerant species like C. ramiflora, which were frequent in both the canopy and understory, may come to predominate under conditions of low forest disturbance. Despite centuries of human-related disruption, forest composition remains overwhelmingly native, suggesting that native forest is resistant to invasion by alien species.
Micronesica 25 (1): 85-97, 1992.
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Craig 1992
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article5o.pdf (637.48 KB)
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5. Fitzsimons, J.M 2008. Long-term ecological research and field methods for stream use decisions among oceanic islands of the tropical Pacific. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 87-100. Date Revised/Accepted: 04 December 2007.
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Long-term ecological research and field methods for stream use decisions among oceanic islands of the tropical Pacific

Fitzsimons, J.M

Long-term ecological research (LTER) is essential for management, restoration, and conservation of tropical island streams, and it is the foundation for five components identified as crucial to wise stream use decisions. Survey methods derived from the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect network (PABITRA) provide standardized procedures ensuring accuracy, uniformity, and completeness of comparative data on streams and aquatic animals. In the Hawaiian Islands, field data are permanently stored in a database maintained by the Hawai‘i Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR). A formal classi- fication of Hawaiian streams permits biological comparisons among streams similar in geomorphology. The Reference Condition Approach (RCA) determines conformity or deviation of a stream or site within a stream from certified reference conditions. The Instream Flow Council’s (IFC) purpose, goals, and philosophy provide a framework for deliberations regarding stream protection and instream flow programs. An Action Plan developed from LTER and PABITRA used in combination with the DAR Database, Stream Classification, RCA, and IFC components is more likely to be scientifically sound, justifiable, and acceptable at any spatial scale, ranging from a single study site on a stream to an entire ecosystem. Although most research on island stream animals has been conducted in Hawai‘i, the close evolutionary relationships of Hawaiian stream species with those on other high islands and the remarkable similarity in their ecology, behavior, and life cycles indicate that the discussions included herein are very likely relevant throughout the oceanic islands of the tropical Pacific.
Micronesica 40(1/2): 87-100, 2008.
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Fitzsimons 2008
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5_fitzsimons.pdf (1.46 MB)
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5. Nam, K.W. & Y. Saito 1991. Anatomical characteristics of Laurencia papillosa (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from Guam and Palau. Micronesica. 24 (1): 87-94. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1990.
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Anatomical characteristics of Laurencia papillosa (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from Guam and Palau

Nam, K.W. & Y. Saito

Some morphological characters of the red alga Laurencia papillosa (C. Agardh) Greville are clarified, based on an examination of the type specimen and materials from Guam and Palau. All axial segments of the sterile branchlet have two pericentral cells. In the stichidium, however, one additional pericentral cell is produced per axial cell. The second and the additional pericentral cells always become the fertile pericentral cells to produce a tetrasporangium at distal ends, whereas the first pericentral cell always remains sterile. Epidermal cells do not elongate radially or form a palisade layer in transverse section of branchlets.
 
Micronesica 24 (1): 87-94, 1991.
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Nam & Saito 1991
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article5o.pdf (463.22 KB)
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5. Carlson, C.H. & P.J. Hoff 1978. The identifiable Elysia from Guam (Elysiidae, Sacoglossa, Opistho branchia). Micronesica. 14(1): 89-113. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 June 1978.
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The identifiable Elysia from Guam (Elysiidae, Sacoglossa, Opistho branchia)

Carlson, C.H. & P.J. Hoff

Elysia arena, E. bayeri, E. bennettae, E. gracilis, E. grandifolia, E. halimedae, E. livida, E. marginata, E. mercieri, E. obtusa, E. ratna, E. vatae and E. yaeyamana are reported from Guam.
Micronesica 14(1): 89-113, 1978.
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carlsonhoff-5a.pdf (13.63 MB)
13.63 MB
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5. Moore, D.R 2005. Archaeological Evidence of a Prehistoric Farming Technique on Guam. Micronesica. 38(1): 93-120. Date Revised/Accepted: 20 January 2005.
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Archaeological Evidence of a Prehistoric Farming Technique on Guam

Moore, D.R

On Guam, few archaeological sites with possible agricultural features have been described and little is known about prehistoric cultivation practices. New information about possible upland planting techniques during the Latte Phase (c. A.D. 1000–1521) of Guam’s Prehistoric Period, which began c. 3,500 years ago, is presented here. Site M201, located in the Manenggon Hills area of Guam’s interior, contained three pit features, two that yielded large pieces of coconut shell, bits of introduced calcareous rock, and several large thorns from the roots of yam (Dioscorea) plants. A sample of the coconut shell recovered from one of the pits yielded a calibrated (2 sigma) radiocarbon date with a range of A.D. 986–1210, indicating that the pits were dug during the early Latte Phase. Archaeological evidence and historic literature relating to planting, harvesting, and cooking of roots and tubers on Guam suggest that some of the planting methods used in historic to recent times had been used at Site M201 near the beginning of the Latte Phase, about 1000 years ago. I argue that Site M201 was situated within an inland root/tuber agricultural zone.
Micronesica 38(1): 93-120, 2005.
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Moore 2005
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5_moore.pdf (432.26 KB)
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5. Lobban, C.S. & M. Schefter 1996.
An Abundance of Marine Stentor (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) Epiphytic on Padina (Phaeophyta)
. Micronesica. 29 (1): 99-100. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 July 1996.
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An Abundance of Marine Stentor (Ciliophora: Spirotrichea) Epiphytic on Padina (Phaeophyta)

Lobban, C.S. & M. Schefter

Protozoans, which are unicellular or form small colonies, can rarely be observed with the naked eye. Except for some foraminifera that are large (up to 10 mm diameter) or abundant (star sand; see Lee 1995) protozoans are only evident when present en masse. We chanced to observe a remarkable "bloom" of black Stentor, a unicellular ciliate, on the brown seaweed Padina about 20 m deep at a commercial dive site on Guam, July 23 1995. This marine record is interesting because most Stentor live in freshwater or brackish water. The site was "Pete's Reef', at the southern end of Agat Bay, by Facpi Point. Extensive reef areas on the sea bed below the mooring buoy were carpeted with Padina sp., a fan-shaped seaweed that has distinctive concentric bands of hairs and reproductive structures. The reproductive structures (sori) form brown bands on the upper surface of the blades. At first glance, some clumps of Padina appeared to be reproductive, however on closer inspection the black bands were thicker than would be expected (more like the external gametangia of Halimeda). More telling, they retracted when touched, suggesting that this was an epiphytic animal or protist. We collected specimens for live observation and documented them on video and still film (Figure 1). We did not attempt to preserve or identify them to species, but they clearly belong to the genus Stentor, which is named for its trumpet shape (when extended). Stentor, in Greek mythology, was a herald "with brazen voice, who could shout as loud as fifty other men" (Homer, Iliad, bk. V, 1, 785). These ciliates have a vortical pattern of cilia at the anterior end with which they collect food particles (Anderson 1988).

Micronesica 29 (1): 99-100, 1996.
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Lobban & Schefter 1996
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lobbanocr.pdf (66.12 KB)
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6. Wagner, C., C. Tappe, M. Kastner, O. Jaramillo, N. Van Ee, J. Savidge & H.S. Pollock 2018. First reported predation of fledgling Micronesian starlings (Aplonis opaca) by brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam. Micronesica. 2018-06: 1-7. Date Revised/Accepted: 04 November 2018.
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First reported predation of fledgling Micronesian starlings (Aplonis opaca) by brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam

Wagner, C., C. Tappe, M. Kastner, O. Jaramillo, N. Van Ee, J. Savidge & H.S. Pollock

The brown treesnake’s (Boiga irregularis – BTS) invasion of Guam is a primary example of the devastation an invasive predator can have on island ecosystems. Its introduction following WWII caused the extirpation of most of the island’s avifauna, although some native species have managed to persist in the presence of BTS, including a small population of Micronesian starlings (Aplonis opaca) on a military installation (Andersen Air Force Base – AAFB) in northeastern Guam. However, it remains unclear to what extent BTS predation continues to impact the population, particularly during the vulnerable post-fledging period. We report the first direct observations of BTS predation on Micronesian starling fledglings (n = 15). All 15 snakes that consumed starlings were in good to exceptional body condition and most were found in urban habitat within 100m of the nest box of the depredated fledgling. Following the predation events, snakes tended to seek refugia and remain inactive for 4 ± 1.67 (mean ± SD) days. Our findings provide evidence of ongoing BTS predation of a native bird species in areas undergoing operational snake removal and indicate that current control efforts are not sufficient to prevent BTS from encroaching into urban areas on AAFB to access high quality prey resources such as birds and mammals. Our data on snake movement and activity patterns following predation events will provide useful management information for future conservation and restoration efforts on Guam.
Micronesica 2018-06: 1-7, 2018.
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6. Birkeland, C., A. Green, D. Fenner, C. Squair & A.L. Dahl 2013. Substratum stability and coral reef resilience: insights from 90 years of disturbances on a reef in American Samoa. Micronesica. 2013-06: 1-16. Date Revised/Accepted: 02 September 2013.
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Substratum stability and coral reef resilience: insights from 90 years of disturbances on a reef in American Samoa

Birkeland, C., A. Green, D. Fenner, C. Squair & A.L. Dahl

In 1917, Alfred Mayor recorded rich coral communities in distinct zones on the reef flat along a permanent transect at Aua village in Pago Pago Harbor, American Samoa. In the 1950s-1980s, this area was seriously degraded by chronic pollution from two tuna canneries and fuel spills in the inner harbor and by coastal development. By the 1970s, coral communities had declined substantially. Mayor provided a map and photographs of the transect in his 1924 report and so we were able to repeat surveys along the same transect in 1973, 1980, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2004 and 2007. In 1992, a large pipe was installed to export wastewater from the tuna canneries to the harbor mouth. Management of coastal development and fuel spills had improved by the early 1990s. We found that since then, there has been a significant recovery of coral communities on the reef crest and outer reef flat where there is consolidated reef substratum (up to 30 m back from the reef crest). In contrast, we found that recovery has been substantially slower or absent behind the reef crest, where the substratum is primarily loose rubble. In particular, the Acropora zone recorded on the outer reef flat in 1917 (120–140 m behind the reef crest) had disappeared completely by the 1990s. Recovery is now proceeding in this zone by the slow accumulation of Acropora muricata colonies that are large enough to become established on the loose substratum. The recovery of coral communities on a few large stable blocks of reef rock scattered across the zone of loose rubble was similar to the recovery on the solid reef crest. The large stable blocks provided a natural experiment that demonstrated resilience (rate of recovery) of the coral communities after chronic or acute disturbance was determined largely by stability of the substratum.
Micronesica 2013-06: 1-16, 2013.
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2013-06_birkeland_et_al_aua_transects_screen_res.pdf (707.7 KB)
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Birkeland Et al 2013b High Resolution
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2013-06_birkeland_et_al_aua_transects.pdf (52.25 MB)
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6. Wall, G.C., C.A. Kimmons, A.T. Wiecko, & J. Richardson 1996. Blackeye Cowpea Mosaic Virus (B1CMV) in Yard-long Bean in the Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 29 (2): 101-111. Date Revised/Accepted: 12 March 1996.
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Blackeye Cowpea Mosaic Virus (B1CMV) in Yard-long Bean in the Mariana Islands

Wall, G.C., C.A. Kimmons, A.T. Wiecko, & J. Richardson

A mosaic disease of Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (asparagus bean or yard-long bean) was determined via host range studies, ring interface and PAS-ELISA tests to be consistent with the blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (B1CMV). Sap inoculations of 39 legumes resulted in 31 becoming infected, as did 9 of 24 non-legume species. Seed transmission occurred in 37% of yard-long bean seeds tested. The virus was transmitted by apterous Aphis craccivora in a non-persistent fashion. Seed and aphid transmission are consistent with B1CMV. Other important crop plants infected included snap beans, winged bean, and yam beans (jicama). This is the first report of B1CMV on winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus). Other less important crop plants infected were mung bean and sunnhemp . Of eleven yard-long bean cultivars tested with sap-inoculation, none showed resistance. Cultivar Green Arrow (Known-You Seed Co.) performed well with low disease incidence and high yields in field tests over 2 seasons.
Micronesica 29 (2): 101-111, 1996.
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Wall, Kimmons, Wiecko, & Richardson 1996
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wall_et_alocr.pdf (481.02 KB)
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6. Kinzie, R.A 2008. Four decades of macroalgal stasis and change on an urban coral reef. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 101-122. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 September 2007.
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Four decades of macroalgal stasis and change on an urban coral reef

Kinzie, R.A

Cover and biomass estimates of the macroalgal assemblage on a coral reef off Waikīkī Beach, Hawai‘i were analyzed to determine changes through time. Biomass data spanned 39 years (1966–2005) while data for cover were taken from 1975 to 2005. Data for the 1975–2005 period were collected as part of a regularly scheduled class exercise. Mean biomass in 2005 was the same as in 1966, however during the 1980's biomass was substantially lower. Much of this decline in total algal biomass was due to the low biomass of Sargassum spp. during those years. In the 1960’s total biomass was essentially constant from the shore to 200m off shore, while in later years there was a decline in biomass with distance from shore. The invasive Rhodophyte, Gracilaria salicornia, was a major contributor to biomass starting in 1990. Even with this new dominant species, diversity, based on the 15 most common species, showed little change through time. Cover also remained consistent from 1975 to 2005 with macroalgae generally covering more than 50% of the bottom and living coral less than 5%. As with biomass, macroalgal cover declined with distance from shore. Student projects and class exercises can be used to generate valuable long-term data sets when appropriate quality control is maintained.
Micronesica 40(1/2): 101-122, 2008.
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Kinzie 2008
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6_kinzie.pdf (1.16 MB)
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6. Weisler, M.I 2000. Burial Artifacts from the Marshall Islands: Description, Dating and Evidence for Extra-archipelago Contacts. Micronesica. 33(1/2): 111-136. Date Revised/Accepted: 11 May 2000.
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Burial Artifacts from the Marshall Islands: Description, Dating and Evidence for Extra-archipelago Contacts

Weisler, M.I

Salvage excavations had been conducted by D. Spennemann and associates in 1989 at a prehistoric cemetery at Laura village, Majuro islet, Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. These excavations are summarized and the 631 artifacts associated with 12 of 29 human burials are described. Radiocarbon age determinations of three interments associated with the most numerous and diverse artifacts provide ages ranging from the 1st to 11th centuries AD—encompassing the first half of Marshallese prehistory. Artifacts described include Spondylus and Conus shell beads, Golden cowrie (Cypraea aurantium) pendants, a Spondylus nose ring, ground bivalves (Cardium orbitum), possibly used as charms, several styles of Conus shell rings, a Porites coral abrader, pearl shell lures, and a Tridacna maxima adze. The possible charms, pendants, and nose ring artifact types have not been reported previously for the Marshall Islands. Conus shell beads may be an early period artifact class with Spondylus disks more common in late prehistory. Contact with the Solomon Islands and several islands within eastern Micronesia is suggested by shared stylistic attributes of pearl shell trolling lure shanks and this evidence adds temporal details to the generalized colonization routes based on linguistic evidence.
Micronesica 33(1/2): 111-136, 2000.
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Weisler 2000
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6. Straatmans, W 1964. Dynamics of Some Pacific Island Forest Communities in Relation to the Survival of the Endemic Flora. Micronesica. 1 (1 & 2): 113-122. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1964.
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Dynamics of Some Pacific Island Forest Communities in Relation to the Survival of the Endemic Flora

Straatmans, W

Efficiency of dispersal and adaptability have been described by Ridley (1) as the two factors which determine the survival of a species.
Guppy (2) has shown that longevity of seeds combined with buoyancy in seawater is responsible for the wide distribution of a large group of species on the coasts of all Pacific islands . The presence of this coastal flora partly accounts for the remarkable sameness in the vegetation of low cora l islands and atolls throughout the entire Pacific region.
The elevated islands, however, often provide special ecological niches for endemic and rare flora. The island of 'Eua in the Tonga Group is an example .
(This is the first three paragraphs. There is no absract.)
Micronesica 1 (1 & 2): 113-122, 1964.
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Straatmans 1964
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straatmans_dynamics_of_some_pacific_island_forest_comunities_in_relation_to_the_survival_of_the_endemic_flora_micronesica_vol.1_june_1964o.pdf (1.45 MB)
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6. Lobban, C.S. & M. Schefter Blooms of a benthic ciliate, Maristentor dinoferus (Heterotrichida: Maristentoridae), on coral reefs of Guam, Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 43(1): 114-127. Date Revised/Accepted: 20 October 2011.
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Blooms of a benthic ciliate, Maristentor dinoferus (Heterotrichida: Maristentoridae), on coral reefs of Guam, Mariana Islands

Lobban, C.S. & M. Schefter

Maristentor dinoferus is visible in situ with the naked eye; it forms aggregations at several scales: individuals form dynamic clusters within colonies that are normally widely scattered, but in recurrent blooms during the dry seasons of 2005 through 2007, colonies often formed close together in patches (metapopulations). Patches were extremely abundant in Guam, both in Apra Harbor and on the outer coast. This is the first time that long-term changes in a benthic ciliate population have been documented in situ and that multi-scale patchiness has been reported for a benthic ciliate. Colonies were mapped and monitored; some patches over 1 m diameter were recorded. Since 2008, the distribution has again consisted of scattered colonies, as it did from 1999–2004.
Micronesica 43(1): 114-127,
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Lobban & Schefter 2012
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6_lobban.schefter_micronesica_431.pdf (651.27 KB)
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6. Lamberson, J.O 1978. Notes on the morphology, ecology and distribution of Thelenota anax H. L. Clark (Holothuroidea: Stichopodidae). Micronesica. 14(1): 115-122. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 June 1978.
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Notes on the morphology, ecology and distribution of Thelenota anax H. L. Clark (Holothuroidea: Stichopodidae)

Lamberson, J.O

The previously little-known holothurian Thelenota anax was found in relative abundance at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, and additional reports of its occurrence were obtained from Australia, the Society Islands, the Caroline and Marshall Islands and Guam. Specimens were found primarily on sand and rubble at depths of 5-30 m, and ranged in size from 300 X 70 x 70 mm to 550 x 100 x 100 mm. Tentacles numbered 19-20, gonads were paired and equal, and a color pattern of reddish black lines was observed in the integument. Associates included the crab Lissocarcinus orbicularis, the parasitic snail Balcis acicula, and the pearl fish Encheliophis (Jordanicus) gracilis. Gut contents consisted of sand and organic matter, and a caterpillar-like mode of locomotion was observed.
Micronesica 14(1): 115-122, 1978.
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Notes on the morphology, ecology and distribution of Thelenota anax H. L. Clark (Holothuroidea: Stichopodidae) (4.52 MB)
Holothuroidea: Stichopodidae
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6. Lobban, C.S 1989. Announcement: Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds. Micronesica. 22 (1): 119-120. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 August 1989.
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Announcement: Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds

Lobban, C.S

"Taxonomy of Economic Seaweeds with reference to some Pacific and Caribbean species" is a series of Sea Grant -sponsored workshops aimed at reducing the confusion in nomenclature that "remains the single greatest obstacle to progress in Pacific seaweed aquaculture and marine natural products chemistry." Two workshops have been held so far, and a third is planned for autumn 1989.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 22 (1): 119-120, 1989.
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Lobban 1989
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6-announcement20micronesica20vol.202220no.20120aug.2c201989.pdf (177.75 KB)
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6. Vice, D.S., D.L. Vice & J.C. Gibbons 2005. Multiple Predations of Wild Birds by Brown Treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam. Micronesica. 38(1): 121-124. Date Revised/Accepted: 26 January 2005.
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Multiple Predations of Wild Birds by Brown Treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam

Vice, D.S., D.L. Vice & J.C. Gibbons

N/A - Research Note
Micronesica 38(1): 121-124, 2005.
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Vice et al 2005
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6_vice-vice.pdf (56.12 KB)
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6. Randall, R.H 2003. An annotated checklist of hydrozoan and scleractinian corals collected from Guam and other Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 35-36: 121-137.
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An annotated checklist of hydrozoan and scleractinian corals collected from Guam and other Mariana Islands

Randall, R.H

An annotated checklist of scleractinian and hydrozoan corals that have been collected from the Mariana Islands archipelago is presented for a special volume of Micronesica titled “The Marine Biodiversity of Guam and the Marianas.” A total of 403 scleractinian and hydrozoan coral species representing 21 families and 108 genera are listed for the Mariana Islands. A total of 112 species are listed that have not been previously recorded from the Mariana Islands. Twelve of the new listings are azooxanthellate hydrozoan species, and of the 100 new scleractinians listed 25 are zooxanthellate species and 75 are azooxanthellate species. Each listed species is accompanied with a literature citation that provides a photographic illustration and a representative voucher specimen, or the authors field collection note citation and a representative voucher specimen when a published record was not available. 
Micronesica 35-36: 121-137, 2003.
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Randall 2003
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6-corals.pdf (329.28 KB)
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6. Perry, G. & J.M. Morton 1999. Regeneration rates of the woody vegetation of Guam’s Northwest Field following major disturbance: land use patterns, feral ungulates, and cascading effects of the brown treesnake. Micronesica. 32(1): 125-142. Date Revised/Accepted: 22 January 1999.
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Regeneration rates of the woody vegetation of Guam’s Northwest Field following major disturbance: land use patterns, feral ungulates, and cascading effects of the brown treesnake

Perry, G. & J.M. Morton

Little is known about the rates at which native forest in the Marianas regenerates following major anthropogenic disturbance, especially ones including the removal of seed banks. Moreover, though some tree species are considered typical of primary or secondary forest, this is generally based on current forest phenology, not on a detailed time-series analysis of frequency following perturbation. This paper presents a study designed to address these issues. The Northwest Field area in northern Guam provides an ideal venue for such a study. Various plots were affected by anthropogenic (military) factors. We obtained records of all major disturbances since World War II. We identified four plots. One had not suffered major disturbance in the last 100 years, one suffered some effects in 1945, one was totally bulldozed in 1945, and two were bulldozed in 1945, then again in 1965. We surveyed the vegetation at these five adjacent plots. We found that undisturbed forest was more diverse, and contained more species considered typical of primary forest, than plots razed in 1965 or 1945. Some tree species, such as Casuarina, showed a clear “decreaser” pattern, being more common following the disturbance than later on. Others, such as Aglaia, showed an “increaser” pattern, becoming more common as time from disturbance increased. Some, such as Pandanus, showed no clear pattern with time. We discuss these patterns, and three proposed mechanisms that might be responsible for the slow regeneration of forest at this site. Our data provide direct support for the importance of anthropogenic land-use patterns. They are also consistent with negative impacts due to feral ungulate grazing and absence of seed dispersers due to brown treesnake predation.
 

Micronesica 32(1): 125-142, 1999.
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Perry et al 1999
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8_perry.pdf (82.18 KB)
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6. Kami, H.T. & A.J. Hosmer 1982. Recent Beachings of Whales on Guam. Micronesica. 18 (1): 133-135. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1982.
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​Recent Beachings of Whales on Guam

Kami, H.T. & A.J. Hosmer

Although whales are often sighted along the coastal waters of Guam, the beaching of whales on Guam is rather uncommon. Kami and Lujan (1976) reported on the beaching of two specimens of the dwarf sperm whale, Koiga simus Owen, which occurred during 1970 and 1974. No further beachings are known to have taken place until 1980 and 1981 when three separate beachings occurred on the shores of Guam. It is the intent of this note to document the beaching of these whales.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 18 (1): 133-135, 1982.
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Kami & Hosmer 1982
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recent_beachings_of_whales_on_guam_micronesica_vol._18_no._1_june_1982.pdf (742.42 KB)
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