Conference

1. Miller, R.H. 2003. Introduction. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 1-2. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Introduction

Miller, R.H.

The 10th Inter-Congress of the Pacific Science Association was held June 1–6, 2001 on Guam. A total of 275 reviewed abstracts were accepted for presentation in 18 symposia that covered a range of subjects from “Oceanic Librarianship” to “Changing Patterns of Health in the Pacific and Asian Regions.” Under the direction of Dean Joyce Marie Camacho, the University of Guam’s Graduate School & Research was the overall host institution for the Inter-Congress.

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Micronesica Suppl. 7: 1-2, 2003.

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1. Mueller-Dombois, D. 2008. The evolution of the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect Network (PABITRA) in the Pacific Science Association. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 1-7. Date Revised/Accepted: 03 December 2007.

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The evolution of the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect Network (PABITRA) in the Pacific Science Association

Mueller-Dombois, D.

At the 21st Pacific Science Congress in Okinawa (June 2007), we celebrated the first ten years of PABITRA, the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect Network. PABITRA is a grass roots effort of a group of conservation scientists that presents a significant departure from earlier efforts in ecology and conservation to fulfill the mission of the Pacific Science Association (PSA). This departure goes beyond the usual means of scientific communication as it actively encourages and involves resident Pacific Islanders in biodiversity assessment of their own renewable resources. It aims at empowering them to work with scientific methods through hands-on experience in cooperation with established conservation scientists. The principal objectives are mutual capacity building with work along selected ecosystem transects aiming to answer scientific questions and to fulfill practical needs. This introductory paper discusses four main points: a brief history leading to PABITRA; the PABITRA concept; the PABITRA track record; and PABITRA’s long-term goals.

Micronesica 40(1/2): 1-7, 2008.

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1. Stoddart, D.R. 1976. Continuity and Crisis in the Reef Community. Micronesica. 12 (1): 1-10. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Continuity and Crisis in the Reef Community

Stoddart, D.R.

This Symposium has for its theme reef biology in the Indo-Pacific; it is particularly concerned with the present state of faunistic information in this area, and the extent to which biogeographic patterns are reflected in the structure and morphology of local reef communities. The tropical Indo-Pacific, from the east coast of Africa, Madagascar, and the Red Sea to the easternmost Tuamotus, is one of extraordinary uniformity in shallow benthic marine biota. This applies not only to the more conspicuous components of the coral reefs, but also to many intricate associations of plants and animals found in this environment. This fact alone, based though it is on a patchy and limited sampling of reefs, nevertheless represents a remarkable paradox, for it exists in spite of recurrent crises in the reef seas which reached their peak during the period of Pleistocene glaciations and which are probably not over yet.

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Micronesica 12 (1): 1-10, 1976.

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1. Kerr. A.M., T. Schils & C.L. Raulerson. 2015. The University of Guam Herbarium: The First 50 Years. Micronesica. 2015-01: 1-7. Date Revised/Accepted: 17 January 2015.

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The University of Guam Herbarium: The First 50 Years

Kerr. A.M., T. Schils & C.L. Raulerson.

Since 1962, the University of Guam has housed the GUAM herbarium collection, which comprises important collections of terrestrial and marine plants from the tropical western Pacific. This herbarium contains 57,647 archived specimens, mostly from Micronesia, an expanse in the western Pacific the size of the continental United States and encompassing over 2,000 islands. Specimens include comprehensive collections from the region as well as the entire terrestrial and marine flora of the Mariana Islands (of which the territory of Guam is the largest and southernmost island). Unique amongst U.S. herbaria, GUAM’s focal area of research is situated entirely within the Paleotropics, e.g., with lateritic soils and uplifted limestone habitats. The remote, insular and oceanic setting has also resulted in a herbarium that, for its size, has a high proportion of rare, endangered and newly discovered species. The herbarium also contains unique vouchers from island areas that have been devastated by volcanic eruptions. GUAM provides the nearest reference collection and taxonomic expertise for most Micronesian-based governments, conservationists and resource managers.

Micronesica 2015-01: 1-7, 2015.

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1. Muniappan, R. 2002. Preface: Invasive Species and Their Management. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 1-2. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Preface: Invasive Species and Their Management

Muniappan, R.

The General Assembly of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) in 1982 rang a wake up call on the global significance of the biological invasions. Almost two centuries before this event, the alien invasive problem was recognized in India due to the difficulties caused by the introduction of a cactus, Opuntia vulgaris Miller (Cactaceae). It was controlled by introducing the cochineal insect, Dactylopius ceylonicus (Green) (Homoptera: Dactylopiidae) (Tryon 1910). This was the first record of the biological control of a weed.

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Micronesica Suppl. 6: 1-2, 2002.

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1. McDowall, R.M. 1997. Is There Such a Thing as Amphidromy?. Micronesica. 30(1): 3-14. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Is There Such a Thing as Amphidromy?

McDowall, R.M.

Anadromy and amphidromy are different migratory/life history strategies. However, few North American ichthyologists and fisheries biologists use the term amphidromy, and usually describe amphidromous fishes as anadromous. By contrast those who study fishes of the fresh waters of tropical islands, as well as Japan, New Zealand and Australia, routinely use the term amphidromy. This difference in practice is attributed to the general lack of amphidromous fishes in continental North America.

Amphidromy is used to describe migratory fish that return from the sea to fresh waters at a juvenile stage; they do most of their feeding and growing in fresh water and eventually reproduce there. By contrast, in anadromous fishes, the return migration from the sea to fresh water is of adult fish approaching sexual maturity. Most or all feeding and growth of anadromous fishes takes place in the sea; they usually undertake little or no feeding in fresh water, though they reproduce there.

Micronesica 30(1): 3-14, 1997.

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1. Lobban, C.S. 1990. Preface. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: i Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Preface

Lobban, C.S.

During the course of more than twenty years of publishing, Micronesica has had several special issues containing papers from conferences held at the University of Guam. These have included "Island Ecosystems of the Pacific Basin" (vol. 3, no. I, 1967) and "Conservation of Pacific Islands" (vol. 5, no. 2, 1969). We also published one previous Supplement, in 1979: "Archeological Test Excavations: Palau Islands." I am pleased that the organizers of the Micronesian Archaeology Conference selected Micronesica as the vehicle for their conference proceedings.

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Micronesica Suppl. 2: i 1990.

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2. Tsuda, R.T. 1976. Role of Benthic Algae in the Coral Reef Ecosystem: Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 12 (1): 11-12. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Role of Benthic Algae in the Coral Reef Ecosystem: Introductory Remarks

Tsuda, R.T.

Past studies on benthic algae of tropical reefs have focused on the descriptive aspects. In recent years, there has been an increase in interdisciplinary studies whereby researchers in various disciplines have pooled their knowledge to better interpret certain aspects of reef function. Since the benthic algae are the primary producers on the reef and knowledge on this group is basic to other studies, emphasis has focused on the role of benthic algae in the coral reef ecosystem.
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Micronesica 12 (1): 11-12, 1976.

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2. Kent, D.I. & J.B. Marliave. 1997. Early Life History of the Arrow Goby, Clevelandia ios (Jordan & Gilbert) , Gobiidae. Micronesica. 30(1): 15-23. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Early Life History of the Arrow Goby, Clevelandia ios (Jordan & Gilbert) , Gobiidae

Kent, D.I. & J.B. Marliave.

The arrow goby, Clevelandia ios, hatches over estuarine mud flats and remains entrained in shallow water until after caudal fin formation, when schooling behavior commences in the extreme nearshore. All larval stages are illustrated. Settlement is preceded by fusion of the pelvic fins and coincides with pigment pattern development, whereas burrow entry correlates most closely with completion of pigment pattern development. Laboratory tests indicate an experience component to latency times in burrow entry. Juveniles prefer sand substrate, but no preference for presence of burrows or ghost shrimp (Callianassa californiensis) in substrates was evident.

Micronesica 30(1): 15-23, 1997.

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2. Brown, J.W. 2003. Agricultural Research Institutions in the Tropical Insular Pacific. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 3-11. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Agricultural Research Institutions in the Tropical Insular Pacific

Brown, J.W.

Agricultural research is an essential component of any program to increase the sustainability of agriculture. Agricultural research is necessary to help farmers deal with diseases and pests. With the dramatic increases in travel and trade of the twentieth-century, even the traditional agricultural practices of relatively iso-lated islands in the Pacific have come under threat from introductions of exotic diseases and pests. Agricultural research also is needed to develop sustainable production practices and to adapt new technologies and cultivars to local conditions. Many of the traditional agricultural practices used in the tropical Pacific become non-sustainable when they are intensified due to increases in population, or due to movement from subsistence to market production. Cultivars and practices developed elsewhere may not be suitable for the climates and soils of the tropical Pacific. For those agricultural products that are produced for export markets, local research is necessary to adapt to the constantly changing demands of these markets.

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Micronesica Suppl. 7: 3-11, 2003.

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2. Kitalong, A.H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 9-31. Date Revised/Accepted: 12 December 2007.

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Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective

Kitalong, A.H.

The Republic of Palau is an archipelago of the Caroline Islands (latitudes 8 ̊12' to 2 ̊48' and longitudes 131 ̊07' to 134 ̊44') with over 802 native plants of which 18.7% are endemic. Forest vegetation growth ranged from 0.04% to 0.22% yr-1 in three decades. Forest patches in Babeldaob showed differential growth rates with an overall rate of expansion of 38 m2 yr-1. Nine patches expanded at an average rate of 608 m2 yr-1, three patches decreased at a rate of 1267 m2 yr-1 and 34 patches showed no change. Uncommon endemic species occurred in stable, wet and inaccessible areas of Babeldaob including Parkia parvifoliola and Terminalia crassipes. Dominant trees include Campnosperma brevipetiolata, Horsfieldia spp., Maranthes corymbosa and Alphitonia carolinensis. One large limestone island had a higher percentage of endemic trees (16.4%) than ten smaller limestone islands (11%). Within the island cluster, the larger islands had more species (mean = 26.8) than the smaller islands (mean = 7.8). A 2001 survey of 90 homes indicated that Areca catechu, Cocos nucifera and Mangifera indica were the most common trees. Year round and synchronous spring and fall flowering and fruiting was observed for dominant tree species. Endemic trees tend to have smaller fruits. Broad reproductive periods, easily dispersed seeds, seeds with thick exocarps and dwarfism are adaptations that may help trees survive climate change and human disturbance on small islands. The invasive trees, Falcataria moluccana and Adenanthera pavonina are considered threats to native forests. National land use and forest policies are needed to ensure that Palau’s forests remain intact into the next century.

Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31, 2008.

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2. Hunter-Anderson, R.L. 1990. Foreword. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: ii-iii. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Foreword

Hunter-Anderson, R.L.

This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the Micronesian Archaeological Conference, convened on Guam September 9-12, 1987. The Guam conference was the first international scholarly meeting entirely devoted to Micronesian prehistory and physical anthropology. It was jointly sponsored by the University of Guam and the IndoPacific Prehistory Association and was funded in part by the University of Guam, the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. In-kind support was provided by the Government of Guam Department of Parks and Recreation. On behalf of conference co-organizer Michael Graves and my colleagues at the University of Guam, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the generous support of these agencies. Without it we could not have had such a productive and enjoyable meeting nor indeed have produced the present volume.

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Micronesica Suppl. 2: ii-iii, 1990.

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3. Hunter-Anderson, R.L. 1990. Micronesian Archaeological Conference Resolutions. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 1-2. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Micronesian Archaeological Conference Resolutions

Hunter-Anderson, R.L.

I. Whereas additional research in linguistics, particularly historical linguistics, could help to answer many questions about population movements in Micronesia, and whereas research of this kind in the Micronesian region has been comparatively neglected,
Resolved: that linguistic research should be fostered and efforts made to stimulate linguistic interest in this region.

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Micronesica Suppl. 2: 1-2, 1990.

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3. Marsh, Jr. J.A. 1976. Energetic Role of Algae in Reef Ecosystems. Micronesica. 12 (1): 13-22. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Energetic Role of Algae in Reef Ecosystems

Marsh, Jr. J.A.

Reef communities are recognized for their high productivity, but there is little information on the particular populations of primary producers responsible for this. There has as yet been no satisfactory attempt to rank the producer populations in a reef community according to their relative importance, and it is not clear whether community productivity is dominated by one or a few such populations or is distributed fairly evenly over a number of populations. There is also little information on how productivity varies spatially and temporally, nor is it yet known if there are basic differences between different types of reefs. Metabolic studies of reefs have tended to focus more on the community approach than on the study of individual populations.

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Micronesica 12 (1): 13-22, 1976.

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3. McConnell, J., R. Barber & M. Denney. 2003. The PEOPLE Project: Resource Library for Extension Programs in the Tropics. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 13-15. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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The PEOPLE Project: Resource Library for Extension Programs in the Tropics

McConnell, J., R. Barber & M. Denney.

The Portable Extension Office for Program Literature Exchange (PEOPLE) project aims to expand the sustainable agriculture information resources available to agriculture professionals and their clients in the islands of the Western Pacific. The project has identified, obtained, and disseminated literature, in digital format (web site and CDROM), through extension institutes and non government organizations (NGO) worldwide that relate to tropical sustainable agriculture issues and practices. At the participating project sites, staff skills have been updated to include use of various types of computer equipment, software, and information resources to enable the effective implementation of “print-on-demand” program literature exchanges. Issues identified in the project’s implementation and future efforts are presented.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 13-15, 2003.

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3. Bell, K.N.I., J.A. Brown & P. Pepin. 1997. Variation in Age-at-Recruitment Can Drive Recruitment Dynamics: the Example of Sicydium spp. (Pisces: Gobiidae) in Dominica, West Indies. Micronesica. 30(1): 25 Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Variation in Age-at-Recruitment Can Drive Recruitment Dynamics: the Example of Sicydium spp. (Pisces: Gobiidae) in Dominica, West Indies

Bell, K.N.I., J.A. Brown & P. Pepin.

Early life history can influence recruitment through a mechanism not previously identified. Age-at-recruitment (AAR) was shown by otolith evaluation and periodic regression to vary seasonally in Sicydium spp. in Dominica, West Indies. These species reproduce and recruit pan-seasonally, making them ideal study species for recruitment-dynamic problems. Although pan-seasonal, there is a pronounced peak season for recruitment not adequately explained by variation in reproduction. We used numerical simulation to explore the potential of seasonal variation in age-at-recruitment to influence recruitment seasonality. From this we show that with temporally constant reproduction, AAR variation can cause large variations in recruitment; when coupled with realistic (but temporally constant) daily survival rates, recruitment can vary ten- to twenty-fold or more. The recruitment variation is caused by two allied processes usually acting together: a Doppler-like effect and a compounding of prevailing mortality over variable time. Thus, AAR should not be assumed constant, and temporal variation in AAR should be considered as a source of otherwise unexplainable recruitment variation. This phenomenon may occur in many other taxa, and becomes more easily detected as the duration of the spawning and recruitment seasons increases. At present there are insufficient data to determine whether long-term changes are occurring in growth rates and age-at-recruitment; this is principally because otoliths are destroyed by conventional preservation. There is a need to develop collections of properly preserved otoliths which can later be analysed, and this collection can begin with each interested scientist, with very little expense.

Micronesica 30(1): 25 1997.

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3. Thaman, R.R. 2008. Atolls – the “biodiversity cool spots” vs hot spots: a critical new focus for research and conservation. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 33-61. Date Revised/Accepted: 04 January 2008.

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Atolls – the “biodiversity cool spots” vs hot spots: a critical new focus for research and conservation

Thaman, R.R.

This paper highlights the seriousness of the “biodiversity crisis” on atolls and the need to place greater research and conservation emphasis on atolls and other small island ecosystems. It presents a “snapshot” of the current status of atoll biodiversity, including associated marine biodiversity, and stresses that atolls are “biodiversity cool spots”, which, apart from, in some cases, very considerable marine resources, have among the poorest and most highly threatened biodiversity inheritances on Earth. Atoll societies and ecosystems are also widely believed to be the most seriously threatened by global climate change and associated sea level rise. This paper is based on studies over the past twenty years conducted in the atolls of Tuvalu, Tokelau, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia. It stresses that atolls offer some of the greatest opportunities for integrated studies of simplified small-island ecosystems, especially studies that involve local communities and local researchers, as have been emphasized by the Pacific Asia Biodiversity Transect Network (PABITRA). It is suggested that, if we are really worried mutual capacity building and sustainability of islands as human support systems, we must place higher priority on research on, and the conservation of, the Earth’s “cool spots”, such as the atolls and other biodiversity-poor small islands. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of the protection, recording and application of indigenous knowledge, here referred to as “ethnobiodiversity”, which when used in concert with the most up-to-date modern scientific knowledge, constitutes perhaps the most appropriate means of designing models for the sustainable use of small island ecosystems.

Micronesica 40(1/2): 33-61, 2008.

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3. Klassen, W., C.F. Brodel & D.A. Fieselmann. 2002. Exotic Pests of Plants: Current and Future Threats to Horticultural Production and Trade in Florida and the Caribbean Basin. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 5-27. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Exotic Pests of Plants: Current and Future Threats to Horticultural Production and Trade in Florida and the Caribbean Basin

Klassen, W., C.F. Brodel & D.A. Fieselmann.

The threat of exotic pest organisms to horticultural industries and to imports and exports of agricultural products in the Caribbean Basin and Florida is extremely serious. The rate of establishment of exotic pests in Florida exceeds that in California and rivals that in Hawai‘i. During the past 2 decades, Asia has become almost as important as the neotropics as a main source of invaders, and there has been an increase in establishment rates for species belonging to the Acari, Homoptera and Thysanoptera. Efforts to contain and eradicate newly established immigrant pest populations have been limited to only a few major pests. We determined that roughly 130 significant exotic arthropod pests are present in the Caribbean, sensu lato, but not yet in Florida, as well as substantial numbers external to the Caribbean Basin.
The United States has relied on inspection of arriving cargo and passengers at the port of entry as one of the main approaches to exclusion of exotic pests. Since volumes of arriving cargo are doubling every six years , this approach is no longer adequate. Thus the National Plant Board asserted that the U.S. safeguarding system should shift primary reliance from port-of-entry inspection to off-shore actions, including risk mitigation in production areas, certification of pest-free status at point of origin and pre-clearance at the port of export. Off-shore risk can be mitigated by area-wide biologically-based suppression, creation of pest-free production areas and inspection, treatment (if necessary) and certification at the port of export. Most compelling for Florida would be the regionalization of pest exclusion programs throughout the Caribbean Basin, because a dangerous organism that establishes in one of the countries quickly endangers the entire Basin.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 5-27, 2002.

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4. Saragih, H., H. Okuhira & S. Yoshida. 2003. Influence of Transmigration on Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 17-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Influence of Transmigration on Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Saragih, H., H. Okuhira & S. Yoshida.

In the 31 years of the Sulawesi transmigration program that ended in 1998, a strong correlation between population and food crops production was observed. As a product of the increasing numbers of people added each year, the Sulawesi population grew by 2.99% with food production increasing by 4.87%. This study indicates that it is feasible, using system dynamics, to simulate sustainable agriculture while concurrently estimating population increase and land availability. From 1998, the model used a time span of 50 years. Analysis shows that the agricultural land sector grew steeply from the 20th to 30th year, overshooting the population curve. From the 25th year on, nonagricultural land increased while agricultural labor decreased. Results likewise show that population/land and population/agricultural land declined until the 30th year, and growth was reduced by as much as 50%. Until the 27th year, the ratio of agricultural production to population had been adequate. All variables in the system have been equilibrium-seeking since the 30th year. The fundamental role of resource constraints in controlling growth and bringing about equilibrium is clearly observed in this model. This study also shows that agricultural land development precedes nonagricultural land development. Agricultural land decline is mainly due to nonagricultural land conversion, such as for public facilities, environmental purposes, and other construction. Deregulation in the form of a multiplier and an adaptive system construction is needed to sustain agriculture from the 30th year.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 17-40, 2003.

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4. Wiebe, W.J. 1976. Nitrogen Cycle on a Coral Reef. Micronesica. 12 (1): 23-26. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Nitrogen Cycle on a Coral Reef

Wiebe, W.J.

While coral reefs are characterized by high rates of biological productivity, it has long been a puzzle to biologists as to how this is accomplished. Most reefs exist in oceanic deserts where phytoplankton production is extremely low. In nutrient poor waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean, nitrogen is believed to be the most limiting element (Thomas and Owen, 1971). Starting in 1971 on the Symbios expedition (Johannes et al., 1972), a group of scientists examined the nitrogen flux of a windward reef at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. In this paper I wish to review these findings.

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Micronesica 12 (1): 23-26, 1976.

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4. Kinzie III, R.A. 1997. Evolution and Life History Patterns in Freshwater Gobies. Micronesica. 30(1): 27-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Evolution and Life History Patterns in Freshwater Gobies

Kinzie III, R.A.

Gobioid fishes have invaded freshwater systems from the tropics to warm temperate regions. This move has brought about many changes in the biology of the fishes that have made the transition. However, the basic reproductive biology of most freshwater gobioids appears to be similar to that seen in near-shore marine species. Many freshwater gobioids retain a link to the sea through their amphidromous life cycle, but several genera have produced landlocked forms with no diadromy. Egg size, and the inversely related fecundity, change markedly when landlocking results in the production of non-planktonic young. Where it has been determined, the planktonic phase in the amphidromous species is quite long relative to typical shallow water marine gobies and is particularly long in the genus Awaous, which has other atypical features in its reproductive biology. Patterns of endemism in freshwater gobioids may be explained only in part by the length of planktonic larval life.

Micronesica 30(1): 27-40, 1997.

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4. Wall, G.C. 2002. Microscopic Aliens Threatening the Pacific Region. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 29-33. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Microscopic Aliens Threatening the Pacific Region

Wall, G.C.

Exotic agricultural pests are constantly finding their way into new geographic locations. In the Pacific region, island nations have enjoyed the benefit of being isolated until the last couple of centuries. The advent of air travel has really accelerated the rate of spread of exotic pests, and this is causing new pest outbreaks in the region even today. One part of this paper is dedicated to considering how existing pest information could be used to reduce this spread of exotic pests into the Pacific region, and more specifically, into the island of Guam. The second part looks at Tinangaja, a unique coconut disease occurring only on Guam, and how it could be prevented from spreading elsewhere.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 29-33, 2002.

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4. Hunter-Anderson, R.L & M.W. Graves. 1990. Coming from Where? An Introduction to Recent Advances in Micronesian Archaeology. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 5-16. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Coming from Where? An Introduction to Recent Advances in Micronesian Archaeology

Hunter-Anderson, R.L & M.W. Graves.

'Coming from where' in the title of this introductory paper is intended to convey the idea that the first international conference on Micronesian archaeology and physical anthropology, convened on Guam in September 1987, not only considered the geographic and racial origins of the indigenous peoples of this vast oceanic region, nor only the variations in cultural adaptations that have evolved in the Micronesian islands over the last three or four thousand years. In its topical and geographic breadth the conference also highlighted the variety of motivations, backgrounds, and agendas of the practitioners of the art, some would say science, some would say hobby, some would even say business, of prehistoric and historic archaeology in the western Pacific. Micronesian archaeology today is, indeed, coming from several places.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 5-16, 1990.

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4. Manner, H. 2008. Directions for long-term research in traditional agricultural systems of Micronesia and the Pacific Islands. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 63-86. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 December 2007.

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Directions for long-term research in traditional agricultural systems of Micronesia and the Pacific Islands

Manner, H.

Following a review of the major systems of traditional agriculture, this paper briefly considers the role of traditional agriculture in environmental modification, and the related concepts of sustain- ability, agricultural intensification, carrying capacity, biodiversity and agricultural disintensification (abandonment). Research interest in traditional agricultural systems of the Pacific Islands has waned considerably since the 1960s and there are few current studies of these systems in Micronesia. Both species and cultivar diversity of the traditional agricultural systems of the region are high and may contribute significantly to their sustainability. However, there is little ongoing research on the role of biodiversity in these traditional systems. Some reasons for the apparent lack of research in the ecology of traditional agricultural systems are presented. The Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA) network emphasizes investigation of the function of biodiversity and the health of ecosystems in the tropical Pacific Islands. Accordingly, PABITRA’s focus should be on long-term monitoring of traditional agricultural systems in order to define their structural and functional characteristics and the relationship between diversity and sustainability. Given the rapid rate of modernization, the documentation of traditional agricultural knowledge and resources is imperative as this knowledge is rapidly being lost.

Micronesica 40(1/2): 63-86, 2008.

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5. Lofdahl, K.L.. 2014. Molecular Genetic Research on Terrestrial Plants and Animals in Micronesia over the Previous 60 Years. Micronesica. 2014-05: 1-8. Date Revised/Accepted: 22 September 2014.

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Molecular Genetic Research on Terrestrial Plants and Animals in Micronesia over the Previous 60 Years

Lofdahl, K.L..

Early genetic studies in Micronesia focused on the use of protein electrophoresis to identify species and to measure genetic diversity within and among species. With the development of DNA sequencing techniques, many terrestrial species were discovered to be distinct from species on neighboring islands that share similar morphologies. With mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequencing, and also DNA profiling (microsatellites), a number of endemic and introduced species were found to have lost genetic variation upon colonization and even to have undergone subsequent genetic bottlenecks. Other species were shown to have wide distributions maintained by considerable gene flow among islands. DNA sequencing and microsatellite studies have also been important in ongoing research to determine the geographic origin of agricultural pests and vertebrate invasive species. The ability to document the amount of genetic variation present in endangered species, keystone species, and invasive species offers important insights into the potential adaptability of these species to a changing environment. Considerable research opportunities exist for future population genetic studies, including the application of more advanced genetic methods, such as detection of natural polymorphisms, genome sequencing and gene expression studies. Such investigations could be of considerable value in conservation planning, environmental management, and sustainable resource use in Micronesia through the identification of the genetic basis of specific environmental adaptations.

Micronesica 2014-05: 1-8, 2014.

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5. Athens, J.S. 1990. Nan Madol Pottery, Pohnpei. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 17-32. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Nan Madol Pottery, Pohnpei

Athens, J.S.

Over 7,000 pottery sherds have been recently collected from the Nan Madol site on the island of Pohnpei. A formal description of the pottery is presented, and comparisons with the pottery of other Micronesian islands are made. A series of 36 radiocarbon dates provides a wellgrounded chronology for the Nan Madol pottery. Distributional patterns of pottery at Nan Madol are discussed. It is concluded that I) the pottery is likely a Late Lapila Plain Ware variant, 2) an "island hopping" mode of initial settlement in Micronesia is unlikely, 3) the original settlers may have come directly from the Southeast Solomon or New Hebrides areas, and 4) there was little contact between Pohnpei and the various Micronesian islands after initial settlement.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 17-32, 1990.

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5. Littler, M.M. 1976. Calcification and its Role among the Macroalgae. Micronesica. 12 (1): 27-42. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Calcification and its Role among the Macroalgae

Littler, M.M.

Calcareous algae are important components of the limestone deposits of antiquity. Such deposits are often associated with petroleum reserves and, for this reason, calcareous algae have attracted attention from a broad spectrum of workers that includes geologists, phycologists and paleontologists. While nearly all have agreed that calcifying algae of modern depositional habitats are abundant, diverse and ecologically important, critical quantitative information is scarce and these organisms are in nearly every respect poorly known. Most of our knowledge of biological calcification comes from studies of bone and shell producing animals. Much of the present information on calcareous macroalgae concerns the location, appearance and degree of calcification, but the mechanisms and ultrastructural features are only beginning to be explored (see for examples Marszalek, 1971; Borowitzka, Larkum and Nockolds, 1974). Reasons for this lack of research are varied, but the naive presumption that calcium deposits in plants are fortuitous or by-products of photosynthesis and other metabolic reactions has contributed heavily.

(This is the first paragraph.There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 27-42, 1976.

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5. Daehler, C.C. & N. Dudley. 2002. Impact of the black twig borer, an introduced insect pest, on Acacia koa in the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 35-53. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Impact of the black twig borer, an introduced insect pest, on Acacia koa in the Hawaiian Islands

Daehler, C.C. & N. Dudley.

The Asian black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus Eichhoff 1875) became naturalized in the Hawaiian Islands in the 1960s. It attacks economically important plants (e.g. coffee) as well as endangered endemic trees. This study examined the impact of the black twig borer on koa (Acacia koa), an economically important native tree that is harvested for its fine wood. The black twig borer tunnels into healthy branches, inoculating the wood with a fungus, Fusarium solani. We tested whether F. solani is pathogenic to koa by inoculating seedlings and saplings with the fungus. We found that F. solani was not pathogenic to koa. Nevertheless, in both natural and plantation settings the beetle caused significant mortality in koa seedlings and small saplings. Mortality was associated with boring into the stem, which often caused the main stem to break. The beetles also attacked live twigs on larger saplings and trees, causing flagging, but this damage was not correlated with tree mortality and did not appear to affect koa growth rates. The main source of mortality among older saplings was infection by the vascular wilt fungus, F. oxysporum. This fungus did not appear to be spread by the black twig borer. The main economic and ecological impact of the black twig borer on koa is in the seedling and small sapling stages. In a plantation setting, these impacts could be reduced by outplanting larger saplings and/or genetic selection for resistance. We found significant genetic variation among koa maternal families in rates of black twig borer attack.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 35-53, 2002.

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5. Nishimoto, R.T. & D.G.K. Kuamo'o. 1997. Recruitment of Goby Postlarvae into Hakalau Stream, Hawai'i Island. Micronesica. 30(1): 41-49. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Recruitment of Goby Postlarvae into Hakalau Stream, Hawai'i Island

Nishimoto, R.T. & D.G.K. Kuamo'o.

Native Hawaiian stream fishes are diadromous and re-enter streams as either clear, opaque or pigmented postlarvae after their oceanic larval phase. Recruiting postlarvae were sampled hourly over a 24-hour period for 19 consecutive months (December 1993 to June 1995) with a passive trap set at the stream mouth. Postlarvae of all native stream fish species were collected and the mean fish size at entry into Hakalau stream did not vary over the sample period. There were two size classes: hinana, Sicyopterus stimpsoni, 23.61 mm SL and ahina, Awaous guamensis, 15.95 mm SL, Lentipes concolor, 14.43 mm SL, Stenogobius hawaiiensis, 14.09 mm SL, Eleotris sandwicensis, 13.46 mm SL. L. concolor and S. stimpsoni recruited most heavily immediately after sunrise while S. hawaiiensis and E. sandwicensis were most common after dark and during the rising tide. A. guamensis occurred throughout the 24-hour period but with recruitment peaks around the high tides. Postlarval recruitment into streams was greatest after periods of heavy rainfall and subsequent freshets.

Micronesica 30(1): 41-49, 1997.

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5. Naholowaa, L.Q., M. Marutani & M.K. Wayte. 2003. Concept Test of Value-added Root Crops. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 41-53. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Concept Test of Value-added Root Crops

Naholowaa, L.Q., M. Marutani & M.K. Wayte.

A concept test was conducted to assess local awareness of traditional root crops and to study the market potential for value-added products made from taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The test design was a self-evaluating survey that was used to explore (1) the level of consumption of chips and baked/fried foods, (2) the interest level of foods made from root crops, and (3) the level of interest of “Made in Guam” products. One hundred thirty respondents between the ages of 18–54 representing Guam’s consumer population were analyzed in a survey that was conducted from March to May 2000. The most popular type of value-added product was sweetpotato chips, followed by sweetpotato bread, cassava cake, cassava pudding and cassava tamales. Of the 130 persons surveyed, 72% had consumed sweetpotato within the past three months, while more than 60% had eaten cassava and 55% had eaten taro. Results suggest that there is a market potential for value-added foods made from these tropical root crops. The survey also shows that there is interest in “Made in Guam” foods.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 41-53, 2003.

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5. Fitzsimons, J.M. 2008. Long-term ecological research and field methods for stream use decisions among oceanic islands of the tropical Pacific. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 87-100. Date Revised/Accepted: 04 December 2007.

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Long-term ecological research and field methods for stream use decisions among oceanic islands of the tropical Pacific

Fitzsimons, J.M.

Long-term ecological research (LTER) is essential for management, restoration, and conservation of tropical island streams, and it is the foundation for five components identified as crucial to wise stream use decisions. Survey methods derived from the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect network (PABITRA) provide standardized procedures ensuring accuracy, uniformity, and completeness of comparative data on streams and aquatic animals. In the Hawaiian Islands, field data are permanently stored in a database maintained by the Hawai‘i Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR). A formal classi- fication of Hawaiian streams permits biological comparisons among streams similar in geomorphology. The Reference Condition Approach (RCA) determines conformity or deviation of a stream or site within a stream from certified reference conditions. The Instream Flow Council’s (IFC) purpose, goals, and philosophy provide a framework for deliberations regarding stream protection and instream flow programs. An Action Plan developed from LTER and PABITRA used in combination with the DAR Database, Stream Classification, RCA, and IFC components is more likely to be scientifically sound, justifiable, and acceptable at any spatial scale, ranging from a single study site on a stream to an entire ecosystem. Although most research on island stream animals has been conducted in Hawai‘i, the close evolutionary relationships of Hawaiian stream species with those on other high islands and the remarkable similarity in their ecology, behavior, and life cycles indicate that the discussions included herein are very likely relevant throughout the oceanic islands of the tropical Pacific.

Micronesica 40(1/2): 87-100, 2008.

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6. Kinzie, R.A. 2008. Four decades of macroalgal stasis and change on an urban coral reef. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 101-122. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 September 2007.

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Four decades of macroalgal stasis and change on an urban coral reef

Kinzie, R.A.

Cover and biomass estimates of the macroalgal assemblage on a coral reef off Waikīkī Beach, Hawai‘i were analyzed to determine changes through time. Biomass data spanned 39 years (1966–2005) while data for cover were taken from 1975 to 2005. Data for the 1975–2005 period were collected as part of a regularly scheduled class exercise. Mean biomass in 2005 was the same as in 1966, however during the 1980's biomass was substantially lower. Much of this decline in total algal biomass was due to the low biomass of Sargassum spp. during those years. In the 1960’s total biomass was essentially constant from the shore to 200m off shore, while in later years there was a decline in biomass with distance from shore. The invasive Rhodophyte, Gracilaria salicornia, was a major contributor to biomass starting in 1990. Even with this new dominant species, diversity, based on the 15 most common species, showed little change through time. Cover also remained consistent from 1975 to 2005 with macroalgae generally covering more than 50% of the bottom and living coral less than 5%. As with biomass, macroalgal cover declined with distance from shore. Student projects and class exercises can be used to generate valuable long-term data sets when appropriate quality control is maintained.

Micronesica 40(1/2): 101-122, 2008.

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Kinzie 2008	pdf 6_kinzie.pdf (1.16 MB)	1.16 MB

6. Butler, B.M. 1990. Pots As Tools: The Marianas Case. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 33-46. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Pots As Tools: The Marianas Case

Butler, B.M.

Archaeologists have traditionally approached ceramic analysis with culture-historical objectives such as the delineation of certain horizon markers or the separation of various temporal units or ceramic producing groups. An important point, often neglected by archaeologists, is that pots are tools-complex pieces of technology that are designed to perform specific tasks. As such, significant technological changes in a ceramic tradition may have major implications for changes in vessel function. Ceramic data from the Marianas are reviewed in this light with particular attention on the major changes that characterize Lane Period ceramics. Certain of these changes are argued to have functional significance with wider implications for late prehistoric subsistence.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 33-46, 1990.

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6. Dahl, A.L. 1976. Generation of Photosynthetic Surface Area by Coral Reef Algae. Micronesica. 12 (1): 43-48. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Generation of Photosynthetic Surface Area by Coral Reef Algae

Dahl, A.L.

The quantification of surface area has proven to be a useful approach to the greater understanding of surface-mediated processes in complex ecosystems such as coral reefs (Dahl, 1973). For plants in particular, it is through surfaces that light is absorbed for photosynthesis and materials exchanged with the surrounding medium, whether gaseous or aquatic. Attachment also requires surface, and in highly productive and mature benthic ecosystems, the generation of substratum is an evolutionary strategy permitting an increase in organism density and diversity.

(This is the first pargraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 43-48, 1976.

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6. Tate, D.C. 1997. The Role of Behavioral Interactions of Immature Hawaiian Stream Fishes (Pisces: Gobiodei) in Population Dispersal and Distribution. Micronesica. 30(1): 51-70. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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The Role of Behavioral Interactions of Immature Hawaiian Stream Fishes (Pisces: Gobiodei) in Population Dispersal and Distribution

Tate, D.C.

Behavioral and morphological observations on native Hawaiian freshwater fishes (Gobiodei), Eleotris sandwicensis, Stenogobius hawaiiensis, Awaous guamensis, Lentipes concolor, and Sicyopterus stimpsoni show the following diel recruitment patterns: L. concolor invaded streams mainly during the day with the wave surge; S.stimpsoni entered mostly during the day regardless of tidal conditions; A. guamensis were transported onshore day or night; S.hawaiiensis and E. sandwicensis entered streams by passive transport, the former by day, the latter at night.

E. sandwicensis and S.hawaiiensis larvae mature in the lowerstream reaches while L.concolor, S.stimpsoni, and A. guamensis usually move to upstream habitats. For these latter three fishes, onto genetic changes in behavior, including predator avoidance during recruitment and aggressive interactions between immature fishes farther upstream,act in sequence to produce the instream distribution typical of adults.

Schooling occurred in the estuary in S.stimpsoni and A. guamensis postlarvae; singles and pairs also migrated into streams. Postlarvae remained in schools through the estuary where they were vulnerable to predation by adult E. sandwicensis and Kuhlia sandvicensis. After climbing a waterfall that excluded most aquatic predators, A. guamensis and S. stimpsoni developed coloration displayed during aggressive contests. Immature S. stimpsoni that failed to develop bright colors lost agonistic encounters and usually fled upstream. Aggressive displays by postlarval A. guamensis usually displaced intruders. L.concolor moved quickly up-stream; they did not school but exhibited agonistic behavior toward con-specifics which promoted upstream dispersal.

Micronesica 30(1): 51-70, 1997.

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	pdf 6_-_tateocr.pdf (1.03 MB)	1.03 MB

6. Prasad, R. 2003. Aquaculture Potential in Fiji and Other Pacific Island Countries. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 55-67. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Aquaculture Potential in Fiji and Other Pacific Island Countries

Prasad, R.

Examples of aquaculture ventures in the Pacific Islands show that reasonable development has occurred. While some earlier and illplanned projects failed, recent initiatives have shown good results. Future prospects look good for pearl oyster, seaweed, marine and freshwater shrimps, and tilapia. A number of pitfalls must be avoided, however, for aquaculture to reach its potential for economic development in the islands.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 55-67, 2003.

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6. Marler, T.E. 2002. Conservation of Local Genotypes When Planting Native Plants on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 55-60. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Conservation of Local Genotypes When Planting Native Plants on Guam

Marler, T.E.

The invasion of ecosystems by exotic plants and animals is a major environmental threat. Examples of exotic plant species threatening various ecosystems are described within these proceedings. The focus on invasion at the whole plant and population levels often overlooks a more insidious invasion, that of non-native genes into resident populations of native plants. Native plant species have been and will continue to be used in the urban landscape and ecological restoration. Failure to consider the genetics of native planting stock may lead to failed plantings or to introduction of foreign genes into native plants surrounding a restoration site. Eradication of invasive exotic plants in restoration efforts is costly but achievable. The eradication of escaped genes that have invaded native resident populations, however, may not be achievable. Characteristics of the degraded site, abiotic environment of the disturbance, and genetic structure of the native plant species being considered for re-vegetation are some of the critical concepts to consider in ecological genetics.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 55-60, 2002.

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7. Tuiwawa, M., T. Osborne, K. Bio & F. Tuiwawa. 2008. Establishment of long-term vegetation monitoring plots in lowland and upland tropical rainforest, Fiji Islands. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 123-130. Date Revised/Accepted: 12 February 2008.

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Establishment of long-term vegetation monitoring plots in lowland and upland tropical rainforest, Fiji Islands

Tuiwawa, M., T. Osborne, K. Bio & F. Tuiwawa.

Long-Term Vegetation Monitoring Plots (LTVMP) provide vital information on the flora, vegetation ecology, ecosystem dynamics, climate change and anthropogenic impact on biodiversity. As part of the Pacific–Asia Biodiversity Transact (PABITRA) network, three long-term vegetation monitoring plots in lowland and upland tropical rain forest were established on the island of Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. The plots were established in the Wabu Forest Reserve and Sovi Basin, on the island of Viti Levu. Each monitoring plot consists of four 50m x 50m sub-plots. All trees greater than 10 cm in diameter at breast height were measured. The design of the LTVMPs and some of the ecological findings in the Wabu Forest Reserve are evaluated.

Micronesica 40(1/2): 123-130, 2008.

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7. Carucci, J. & S. Mitchell. 1990. Lime-Encrusted Shell Artifacts and the Prehistoric Use of Slaked Lime. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 47-64. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Lime-Encrusted Shell Artifacts and the Prehistoric Use of Slaked Lime

Carucci, J. & S. Mitchell.

During recent excavations on Rota in the Mariana Islands, a number of shell artifacts which contained multiple layers of a carbonate compound were recovered. These artifacts are related to the manufacture and use of burned lime, and fall into two categories: lime scoops or containers, and bivalve scrapers. Samples of the carbonate material from several of the artifacts were tested with an X-ray powder diffractometer and compared to the deposits which remained in several non-artifact shells. Natural carbonate encrustations can be differentiated from deposits of culturally produced lime, allowing lime-encrusted shells to be sorted into artifact and nonartifact categories. A typology of the artifacts related to the use of slaked lime is presented, and the function of the different artifact types is discussed.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 47-64, 1990.

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7. Thorhaug, A. 1976. Tropical Macroalgae as Pollution Indicator Organisms. Micronesica. 12 (1): 49-66. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Tropical Macroalgae as Pollution Indicator Organisms

Thorhaug, A.

A great deal of emphasis has been placed on the role of phytoplankton as primary producers in marine biology. As our focus changes from oceanic to coastal processes, it becomes clear that benthic macrophytes emerge as dominant, if not predominant, in production of plant material. In two geographical regions is this particularly marked: the tropics and the very nearshore regions. Unfortunately, it is in these same regions that man's impact is rapidly occurring often resulting in irreversible destruction so that rapid and accurate information must be accumulated to control these impacts for optimum usage. Since a great portion of efforts in marine biology have been directed toward an understanding of the phytoplankton system, little data has been accumulated on the effect of various physical and chemical factors on macroalgae, especially tropical species.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 49-66, 1976.

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7. Josekutty, P.C., E.E. Wakuk & M.J. Joseph. 2002. Invasive/Weedy Angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 61-65. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Invasive/Weedy Angiosperms in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia

Josekutty, P.C., E.E. Wakuk & M.J. Joseph.

An updated account of alien angiosperm species in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), based on a recent survey of flora in Kosrae is presented. A few highly potent invasive species in Kosrae are Merremia peltata (L.) Merr., Vigna marina (Burm f.) Merr., Panicum maximum Jacq., Pennisetum polystachyon Schult., Saccharum spontaneum L., Commelina diffusa Burn., Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson, Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn., Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitche and the parasitic weed Cuscuta filiformis L.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 61-65, 2002.

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7. Sablan, P. & M. Marutani. 2003. Nitrogen Fixing Trees Suitable for Diversified Soils on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 69-75. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Nitrogen Fixing Trees Suitable for Diversified Soils on Guam

Sablan, P. & M. Marutani.

Plant development of eight nitrogen fixing trees (NFTs) as potential hedgerow plants were evaluated on three soil regimes on Guam. Test plants included Acacia angustissima (Mill.) Kuntze, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner, Desmodium rensonii, Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr., Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit cv. K636, and Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. cv. Nubica. NFTs other than F. macrophylla and C. calothyrsus yielded more than 11 t ha–1 of biomass in the soil of Udic Haplustalfs at Barrigada, in central Guam. L. leucocephala cv. K636 produced the greatest biomass of 26.1 t ha–1 in the trial, followed by S. sesban cv. Nubica with 19.9 t ha–1. The average biomass of eight NFTs was 3.63 t ha–1 in very shallow Yigo soil classified as Lithic Ustorthents. L. leucocephala, yielding 12.3 t ha^–1, was the only promising NFT in this location. In the acidic Oxic Haplustalfs soil in Ija, in southern Guam, F. macrophylla, S. sesban, G. sepium, and D. rensonii produced about the same amount of biomass, ranging from 6.6 to 4.8 t ha^–1 while L. leucocephala, A. angustissima, and C. calothyrsus grew very poorly.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 69-75, 2003.

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7. Kido, M.H. 1997. Food Webs and Feeding Dynamics of Coexisting Native Hawaiian Stream Gobies. Micronesica. 30(1): 71-82. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Food Webs and Feeding Dynamics of Coexisting Native Hawaiian Stream Gobies

Kido, M.H.

The food webs of Awaous guamensis and Sicyopterus stimpsoni, two native gobies that commonly coexist in mountainous reaches ofHawaiian streams, were found to be comprised of reticulate connections between a relatively depauperate, but tightly linked, group of native andalien consumers highly dependent on algae. In these webs, the two gobies foraged as omnivores, individuals utilizing a variety of prey types simultaneously. Omnivory provided an adaptive solution for native gobies to cope with spatial and temporal fluctuations in resource abundance. Heterogeneity in resource abundance mediated by variation is stream flow coupled with limitations in the diversity of prey types were suggested as important factors shaping consumer/resource interactions. Nutritional subsidies from terrestrial habitat were weakly linked in the food chains of gobies primarily via two adventive caddisfly species which utilize detritus. Energy subsidies, however, may be important to native Hawaiian gobioids in certain habitat and during periods when resource abundance is low or altered by pertubation.

Micronesica 30(1): 71-82, 1997.

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8. Morrison, C. & A. Naikatini. 2008. Herpetofauna and bat monitoring at three Fiji sites in the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA). Micronesica. 40(1/2): 131-137. Date Revised/Accepted: 29 October 2007.

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Herpetofauna and bat monitoring at three Fiji sites in the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA)

Morrison, C. & A. Naikatini.

Herpetofauna and bats are two important indicator taxa in Fiji’s forests. Herpetofauna (especially frogs) are good indicators of riparian forest health and the presence of introduced predator species while bats are excellent indicators of the forest tree diversity and general forest disturbance. Despite these important roles, prior to 2006 the monitoring of these two taxonomic groups had remained largely qualitative in Fiji PABITRA sites. The reasons for this were primarily due to very low abundances, making quantitative surveys largely cost and time-ineffective (reptiles) and the low survey effort (bats), resulting in incomplete baseline information. In total two frog species, eight reptiles and three bats have been found in three Fiji PABITRA sites on Viti Levu (Savura Reserve, Sovi Basin and Wabu Reserve). Sufficient information has now been collected to determine the optimal methods to begin quantitatively monitoring populations of these taxonomic groups in future surveys.

Micronesica 40(1/2): 131-137, 2008.

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8. Mochida, O. 1991. Spread of Freshwater Pomacea Snails (Pilidae, Mollusca) from Argentina to Asia. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 51-62. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Spread of Freshwater Pomacea Snails (Pilidae, Mollusca) from Argentina to Asia

Mochida, O.

Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) was introduced as a human food from Argentina into Taiwan (China) in 1979-80. It was introduced from Taiwan to Japan in 1981, the Philippines in 1982, China (Guangdong, Fuzhou, & Hangzhou) in March 1985, Korea (Suwon) in 1987 or earlier, Malaysia (Sarawak) in 1987 or earlier, and Indonesia and Thailand by 1989. The snail has escaped from aquaculture and established in open fields affecting aquatic plants. Estimation of areas infested by this snail was 171,425 ha in Taiwan in 1986, 16,195 ha in Japan in 1989, and ca. 400,000 ha in the Philippines in 1989. In Japan ethylthimetone + thiocyclam G, cartap G, bensultap G, and IBP G are registered as snail repellents, and IBP G shows some toxicity. Calcium cyanamide is registered as a fertilizer with toxicity to snails. Metaldehyde, triphenyl-tin acetate, and niclosamide are not registered for control purposes because of high toxicity to fish. In Taiwan, however, metaldehyde and triphenyl-tin acetate are registered. In addition, the predatory black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus (Richardson)) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) are recommended as control agents. In the Philippines, 5 chemicals including triphenyl tin-acetate, niclosamide, and endosulfan are in the market. Hand-picking, ducks, setting of metal screens, etc. are also recommended. More effective methods of control have yet to be developed.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 51-62, 1991.

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8. Pearsall, D.M. 1990. Application of Phytolith Analysis to Reconstruction of Past Environments and Subsistence: Recent Research in the Pacific. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 65-74. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Application of Phytolith Analysis to Reconstruction of Past Environments and Subsistence: Recent Research in the Pacific

Pearsall, D.M.

Study of phytoliths, plant opaline silica bodies, extracted from archaeological and geological sediments, is a valuable source of information on past subsistence and vegetation. Applications of the technique in the Pacific region are recent but have already contributed to vegetation reconstruction or identification of crops and agricultural activity in Hawaii, Micronesia, and the Philippines. Phytoliths are extracted from soil by heavy liquid flotation and identified by comparison with modern plant specimens. The relative abundance of different phytoliths in archaeological sediments is compared to their occurrence in soil from known vegetation formations to reconstruct past environments. While many cultivated and useful wild plants remain to be tested for phytolith production, progress has been made on identifying rice, millet, banana, and gourd. With the continued support of archaeologists, phytolith analysis will contribute significantly to our understanding of land use, cultivation practices, and vegetation change in the Pacific region.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 65-74, 1990.

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8. Hadfield, M.G. 1976. Animal Associates on Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 12 (1): 67-68. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Animal Associates on Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks

Hadfield, M.G.

The organizers of the 1974, "International Symposium on Inda-Pacific Tropical Reef Biology," envisioned a comprehensive examination of problems relating to faunistics and floristics of coral reef communities. Special attention was to be directed toward summations of existing knowledge of the state of taxonomy of various groups. In connection with these reports was to be a series of symposia in which would be summarized biological information about major groups of reef associated organisms.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 67-68, 1976.

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8. Viraktamath, C.A. 2002. Alien Invasive Insect and Mite Pests and Weeds in India and Their Management. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 67-83. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Alien Invasive Insect and Mite Pests and Weeds in India and Their Management

Viraktamath, C.A.

In the past ten years at least six species of insect and mite pests have invaded India affecting agricultural production. Some of the recent invasive pests in India are psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana Crawford on Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Witt; American serpentine leaf miner, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) on a number of vegetables and ornamental plants; coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) on coffee; spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell on a number of agricultural, horticultural crops and forest trees; Silver leaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring on tomato; and coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer on coconut. Outbreaks of coconut mite and silver leaf whitefly had devastating effects on the economy of the farming communities in south India. Some of the alien weeds that have invaded India are Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson; Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel); Parthenium hysterophorus Linnaeus; lantana, Lantana camera Linnaeus; mile-a-minute weed, Mikania micrantha Kunth; giant sensitive plant, Mimosa invisa Martius ex Colla; sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica Linnaeus; water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Martius); and salvinia, Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Classical biological control appears to be an important approach in the management of these invasive organisms in their new habitats. International cooperation for their effective management is of paramount importance as exchange of information on biology of invasive pests that are spreading their range and exchange of natural enemies, etc. can be effectively achieved by such cooperation.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 67-83, 2002.

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8. Josekutty, P.C., S.S. Cornelius & T.N. Kilafwasru. 2003. Micropropagation of four Banana Cultivars in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 77-81. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Micropropagation of four Banana Cultivars in Micronesia

Josekutty, P.C., S.S. Cornelius & T.N. Kilafwasru.

Four local cultivars of bananas (Musa spp.) in Kosrae, Federated States of Micronesia (FSM)—Kufwafwa, Lacatan (dessert bananas), Apat regular and Apat fissuse (cooking bananas)—were subjected to micropropagation experiments at the Micronesia Plant Propagation Research Center (MPPRC), Kosrae during 1999–2000. Protocols for efficient micropropagation of these varieties were developed during the study. Surface sterilization procedures were modified to attain acceptable numbers of aseptic stage I cultures. All varieties studied responded to modified MS medium. Plant growth regulator, 6–Benzylaminopurine (BAP, 3–7 mg L^–1) requirements for different varieties were substantially distinct in terms of optimal growth and multiplication. Multiplication rates varied considerably between 20–30 (Apat regular) and 2–3 (Kufwafwa). Longitudinal splitting of the shoot tips improved the multiplication rate in all the varieties.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 77-81, 2003.

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8. Nelson, S.G., J.E. Parham, R.B. Tibbatts, F.A. Camacho, T. Leberer & B.D. Smith. 1997. Distributions and Microhabitats of the Amphidromous Gobies in Streams of Micronesia. Micronesica. 30(1): 83-91. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Distributions and Microhabitats of the Amphidromous Gobies in Streams of Micronesia

Nelson, S.G., J.E. Parham, R.B. Tibbatts, F.A. Camacho, T. Leberer & B.D. Smith.

Amphidromous gobies are prominent components of stream fish assemblages of the islands of Micronesia, yet most aspects of their biology are poorly known. The increased pace of development in many of the islands of the tropical Pacific has resulted in an increased threat to the fauna of their inland, aquatic habitats and an urgent need for ecological information on these fishes. We used visual surveys to compare the instream distributions, microhabitat use, and densities of stream gobies from two islands within the geographic area of Micronesia in relation to various physical and biotic factors. The species composition of the goby assemblages changes with stream elevation, most abruptly at waterfalls, and between islands. Abrupt changes in the stream fish communities occur at major waterfalls. Waterfalls can be effective barriers to upstream migration for the gobies that are not adapted to climbing, such as those of the genus Stenogobius. However, even large waterfalls can be climbed by species in the genera Stiphodon, Sicyopus, Sicyopterus, Awaous, and Redigobius. Percent canopy cover and substrate type are other determinants of the distributions and densities of these tropical stream gobies.

Micronesica 30(1): 83-91, 1997.

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9. McCoid, M.J. 1991. Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam: a Worst Case Scenario of an Introduced Predator. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 63-69. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) on Guam: a Worst Case Scenario of an Introduced Predator

McCoid, M.J.

Boiga irregularis was probably introduced on Guam a little over forty years ago. Since then, the snake population has become very dense and has been responsible for enormous biological, economic, and cultural damages. Because of severe reductions in vertebrate biodiversity, changes in insect densities and diversity and vegetational shifts should occur.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 63-69, 1991.

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9. Newman, W.A., P.A. Jumars, & A. Ross. 1976. Diversity Trends in Coral-Inhabiting Barnacles (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatinae). Micronesica. 12 (1): 69-82. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Diversity Trends in Coral-Inhabiting Barnacles (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatinae)

Newman, W.A., P.A. Jumars, & A. Ross.

A recent revision of the coral-inhabiting barnacles of the subfamily Pygromatinae (Ross and Newman, 1973) covers various aspects of the biogeography, growth and form, and host specificity, as well as systematics and evolution, and thereby affords an up-to-date source for analyses of diversity trends in the group.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 69-82, 1976.

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9. Alkire, W.H. & K. Fujimura. 1990. Principles of Organization in the Outer Islands of Yap State and their Implications for Archaeology. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 75-88. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Principles of Organization in the Outer Islands of Yap State and their Implications for Archaeology

Alkire, W.H. & K. Fujimura.

Research in the outer islands of Yap state has demonstrated the widespread importance of the following organizational principles: matrilineal descent, sibling solidarity and primogeniture; a maritime and horticultural economic system within which male/female complementarity and opposition are emphasized; a hierarchical political order; and an ideology of dualism. This paper suggests how these principles may be reflected in the archaeological record, particularly with respect to changing settlement patterns and burial practices.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 75-88, 1990.

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9. Marutani, M. 2003. Sunnhemp, a Green Manure on Chinese Cabbage Production on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 83-91. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Sunnhemp, a Green Manure on Chinese Cabbage Production on Guam

Marutani, M.

Sunnhemp, Crotalaria juncea L. cv. Tropic Sun, was evaluated as a green manure crop in the vegetable production system in Pulantat soil (clayey, montmorillonitic, isohyperthermic, shallow Udic Haplustalf) during 1993 to 1996. A split plot design with four replications was used having an application of inorganic N urea fertilizers (224, 112, 56 and 0 kg ha–1) as a main plot and green manuring as a sub-plot. Sunnhemp was grown until the flowering stage and then incorporated into soil. Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa L. var. chinensis L. cv. Speedy 602 was either directly sown in the field or transplanted. Sweet corn, Zea mays L. cv. Summer Sweet was planted after harvesting Chinese cabbage in 1995 and 1996 to examine plant response to residual soil nutrients. In 1994 Chinese cabbage yield was increased by N fertilizer application but not with green manuring. In both 1995 and 1996 the Chinese cabbage yield was increased by both green manuring and N-fertilizer application. Plant tissue analyses in 1995 showed that both green manuring and Nfertilizer application increased nitrate-N in petiole sap, and the total N in leaf tissues was increased as the amount of N application increased.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 83-91, 2003.

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9. Muniappan, R., J. Cruz & J. Bamba. 2002. Invasive Plants and Their Control in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 85-92. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Invasive Plants and Their Control in Micronesia

Muniappan, R., J. Cruz & J. Bamba.

Several plants introduced accidentally or for ornamental purposes have established in Micronesia and are considered invasive species. These include: Antigonon leptopus Hooker & Arnott, Bidens pilosa L., Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson, Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don, Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt, Cuscuta sp., Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms-Laubach, Imperata conferta (Presl) Ohwi, Ipomea spp., Lantana camara L., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) deWit, Mikania scandens (L.) Willd., Mimosa (invisa) diplotricha C. Wright ex Suavalle, Miscanthus floridulus (Labill.) Warburg ex Schum. & Lauterb., Momordica charantia L., Panicum maximum Jacquin, Passiflora foetida L., Pennisetum polystachyon (L.) Schultes, Piper auritum Kunth, Pistia stratiotes L., Raphidophora aurea (Linden ex Andre), Spathodea campanulata P. de Beauvois, and Wedelia trilobata (L.) Hitche. The natural enemies introduced to suppress some of these species will be discussed.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 85-92, 2002.

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9. Schoenfuss, H.L., T.A. Blanchard & D.G.K. Kuamo'o. 1997. Metamorphosis in the Cranium of Postlarval Sicyopterus stimpsoni, an Endemic Hawaiian Stream Goby. Micronesica. 30(1): 93-104. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Metamorphosis in the Cranium of Postlarval Sicyopterus stimpsoni, an Endemic Hawaiian Stream Goby

Schoenfuss, H.L., T.A. Blanchard & D.G.K. Kuamo'o.

The endemic goby Sicyopterus stimpsoni is unique among the five species of Hawaiian freshwater fishes because it undergoes a rapid metamorphosis of its cranial structures during postlarval development. These fish are amphidromous and return after a prolonged stay in the ocean to Hawaiian streams where they are confined to estuaries until completion of cranial restructuring. Within 48 hours after entering fresh water, snout length, as well as head height and width increase greatly while total length and head length remain unchanged. The upper lip enlarges greatly, and the mouth position shifts from terminal to nearly ventral. After completion of metamorphosis S. stimpsoni is able to climb waterfalls by alternating use of the pelvic sucking-disk and the mouth, with which it also is able to scrape diatoms from the surface of rocks by rapid rostrocaudal movement of the upper-jaw complex. Macroscopic and microscopic anatomical evidence, as well as observations of live fish, confirm the dynamics and extent of the metamorphosis. Non-linear, highly dynamic cranial development with extensive reallocation of cranial function has not been described previously for fishes, and its study provides a vehicle for a better understanding of ontogenetic development in vertebrates.

Micronesica 30(1): 93-104, 1997.

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10. Font, W.F. 1997. Improbable Colonists: Helminth Parasites of Freshwater Fishes on an Oceanic Island. Micronesica. 30(1): 105-115. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Improbable Colonists: Helminth Parasites of Freshwater Fishes on an Oceanic Island

Font, W.F.

Eleven species of helminth parasites were found in 5 species of native gobioid and 4 species of introduced poeciliid stream fishes from 29 aquatic habitats on the islands of Hawai'i, O'ahu, and Kaua'i in the Hawaiian archipelago. Mechanisms by which these parasites originally colonized Hawai'i, either naturally or by means of human activities, were investigated. Two sources of native, or naturally occurring parasites, were identified: marine fishes and migratory piscivorous birds. Four native species, of which the roundworm Spirocamallanus istiblenni was the most numerous, originated in marine fishes. An additional 3 parasites used migratory piscivorous birds as final hosts and fishes as intermediate hosts. The remaining 4 species of parasites were introduced into Hawai'i by man. Three of these species of helminths, a roundworm Camallanus cotti, a tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, and a leech Myzobdella lugubris, introduced when exotic poeciliid fishes were brought to the archipelago, were the most widespread and abundant helminths parasitizing stream fishes. Biological characteristics that enhance the probability of colonization of oceanic islands by parasites include: broad host specificity, the utilization of vagile final hosts, and the use of common and ubiquitous intermediate hosts. The colonization potential of both allogenic and autogenic parasites of freshwater fishes on oceanic islands is compared with results of previous studies of allogenic and autogenic colonists of continental islands.

Micronesica 30(1): 105-115, 1997.

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10. Denton, G.R.W., R. Muniappan & M. Marutani. 1991. The Distribution and Biological Control of Lantana camara in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 71-81. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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The Distribution and Biological Control of Lantana camara in Micronesia

Denton, G.R.W., R. Muniappan & M. Marutani.

Lantana camara L. was introduced into Micronesia as an ornamental plant at the tum of the century and quickly established as a significant weed pest throughout the region. Over the past forty years various natural enemies of lantana have been introduced into Micronesia in an attempt to curb the spread of the lantana. However, little information has come out of the area with respect to the establishment and effectiveness of these species. For this reason, surveys were undertaken to assess the status and natural insect enemies oflantana on major islands within the Caroline and Mariana island groups. Lantana was found to be widespread throughout the region although its abundance and pest status varied between islands. At least four different color varieties were noted, the most common of which resembled the Hawaiian Pink, L. camara var. aculeata. Seven of the thirteen exotic insect species introduced into the area were found to have established, although not all were found on all islands where lantana was present. Similarly, certain insects were more effective bio-control agents than others although once again inter-island variability was evident. The five most important insect species, in terms of their distribution and effectiveness, were the tingid bug, Teleonemia scrupulosa Stal; the hispine beetle, Uroplata girardi Pie; the pterophorid moth, Lantanophaga pusillidactyla (Walker); the tortricid moth, Epinotia lantana (Busck), and the pod-fly Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggat).

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 71-81, 1991.

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10. Bruce, A.J. 1976. Coral Reef Caridea and "Commensalism". Micronesica. 12 (1): 83-98. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Coral Reef Caridea and "Commensalism"

Bruce, A.J.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a general review of what is presently known about the "commensal" caridean shrimps found in the coral reef biotope. The information is based largely upon the available literature and studies carried out in the western Indian Ocean, but the findings in this region probably apply extensively to the rest of the Indo-West Pacific region and also, to a lesser extent, to coral reef regions of the Eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 83-98, 1976.

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10. Falgout, S. 1990. Getting to the Truth of the Matter: Prospects and Limitations of Oral Traditions for Archaeological Interpretation in Pohnpei, Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 89-98. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Getting to the Truth of the Matter: Prospects and Limitations of Oral Traditions for Archaeological Interpretation in Pohnpei, Micronesia

Falgout, S.

Oral tradition is used to sample and interpret archaeological sites associated with the Soukiseleng in the Wene area in Pohnpei. The paper argues that careful investigation of oral traditions can enhance the understanding of Pohnpei archaeological sites and settlements and the discovery of the nature and extent of prehistoric pan-Micronesian relations.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 89-98, 1990.

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10. Nakahara, L. 2002. Plant Pest Control in Hawai‘i. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 93-103. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Plant Pest Control in Hawai‘i

Nakahara, L.

About 15-20 new insects become established in Hawai‘i each year, of which one or two become serious pests. The Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture uses four primary strategies based on three methods to control alien plant pests (i.e., pathogens, weeds, mollusks, insects, and other invertebrates). Chemical and mechanical control methods have been used in eradication strategies against incipient pests with limited success. Both methods have also been used with some degree of success in containment strategies against localized pests to slow down their spread or to gain time for development of other solutions. Biological control has been the most successful method applied in Hawai‘i to control pests throughout the State. Integrated control strategies, utilizing all three methods, have also been successful in protecting specific crops while promoting the biological control method. Examples of each strategy are provided.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 93-103, 2002.

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10. Marutani, M. & R. Schlub. 2003. Cultivar Evaluation of Vegetable Soybean on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 93-100. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Cultivar Evaluation of Vegetable Soybean on Guam

Marutani, M. & R. Schlub.

Vegetable soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) accessions developed at the Asian Vegetable Research & Development Center (AVRDC) in Taiwan were evaluated in Guam cobbly clay soil during dry months of 1996 and 2000–01. In 1996 among five accessions, AGS190 (Veroy #4) and AGS335 (Ryokkoh x Mikawashima) were selected for their high yields. During 2000–01, eleven accessions including eight new germlines obtained from AVRDC were grown in order to identify accessions which produced two or more seeded-pods with good seed quality. AGS360 [Neu Ta Pien #2 x (PI 157424 x KS #8)] was our selection. Although its yield was lower than some other accessions, AGS360 had the largest green pods and seeds, which is a desirable trait for marketing. Further field experiments including on-farm trials should be conducted before local selections are released in Guam.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 93-100, 2003.

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11. Lin, C.Y. 2003. Improving Plant Protection for the Development of Sustainable Agriculture in Taiwan. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 101-112. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Improving Plant Protection for the Development of Sustainable Agriculture in Taiwan

Lin, C.Y.

Pest management is a key factor in sustainable agriculture, particularly for an economy with limited land and natural resources. In view of the general recognition and acceptance of the importance of sustainable agriculture by the public, technologies of plant protection have been improved and measures disseminated to farmers in Taiwan during the past two decades. Presently, the most common non-chemical control methods of diseases and insect pests include uses of healthy seedlings, resistant varieties, cross protection, natural enemies, antagonistic microorganisms, non-pesticide pest-killing materials, sex pheromones, nutrient solution, high-molecular polymers, soil amendment and disinfections, and cultural practices such as crop rotation, net house cultivation, bagging and mulches. Integrated pest management (IPM), featuring pest identification, monitoring and management including timing application of insecticide, is recommended to farmers to prevent pest problems. The mark of Good Agricultural Products (GAP), issued to farmers under governmental guidance and inspection, has already gained the confidence of consumers in providing clean and highquality products. A biochemical method for the rapid bioassay of pesticide residue in vegetables and fruits has been developed and applied in both fields and wholesale markets for screening products and educating farmers. This technique has also been introduced to other Asian countries. In addition, the TARI web site, offering pest management information in sustainable agriculture is accessible through the internet.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 101-112, 2003.

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11. Muniappan, R. 2002. Pests of Coconut and Their Natural Enemies in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 105-110. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Pests of Coconut and Their Natural Enemies in Micronesia

Muniappan, R.

Common pests of coconut in Micronesia include coconut hispid, Brontispa spp.; red coconut scale, Furcaspis oceanica Lindinger; coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret; rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros L.; and New Guinea sugarcane weevil, Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval). A number of other minor pests also occur in this region. Their distribution, and the history of introduction and establishment of their natural enemies in Micronesia are described. Possible accidental introduction of a destructive pest, Aceria guerreronis Keifer is cautioned.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 105-110, 2002.

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11. Fitzsimons, J.M., H.L. Schoenfuss, T.C. Schoenfuss. 1997. Significance of Unimpeded Flows in Limiting the Transmission of Parasites from Exotics to Hawaiian Stream Fishes. Micronesica. 30(1): 117-125. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Significance of Unimpeded Flows in Limiting the Transmission of Parasites from Exotics to Hawaiian Stream Fishes

Fitzsimons, J.M., H.L. Schoenfuss, T.C. Schoenfuss.

Streams with a full complement of native amphidromous fishes and macroinvertebrates are common features on windward slopes of four of the five major high islands comprising the southeastern section of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Strong perennial flows and flash floods produced by mountain storms flush away accumulations of debris and sediments, terminate algal blooms, and open up streams where they flow into the sea. Each of these effects is beneficial for the five indigenous fish species, limited to gobioids, which lay their eggs in fresh water and have a lengthy marine larval phase before migrating back into streams where they mature. A fortuitous advantage of the dynamic nature of Hawaiian streams is the elimination or control of introduced fishes (especially poeciliids) carrying helminth parasites capable of becoming pathogenic in native fishes. Results of experiments with artificial streams support the hypothesis that Hawaiian freshwater gobioid fishes are able to move from the ocean into streams as larvae and can occupy discrete sections of streams as adults at water velocities that displace exotics. A basal flow of 20 cm/second or greater at the stream mouth is recommended for stream maintenance and restoration.

Micronesica 30(1): 117-125, 1997.

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11. Yamaguchi, M. 1973. Symposium on the Biology and Ecology of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.): Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 9 (2): 163-164. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Symposium on the Biology and Ecology of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.): Introductory Remarks

Yamaguchi, M.

Since the Australian people first noticed the infestation of coral reefs by Acanthaster in the early sixties, the Queensland Government established a research team to investigate the extent of the problem, beginning in 1966. Mr. R. Pearson and Dr. R. Endean initiated basic surveys and studies on the problem on the Great Barrier Reef. At a similar time when the Australian workers were engaged in the preliminary studies, an infestation of the reefs around Guam was noticed in 1967. After the recognition of the infestation by participating members at the IBP meeting held on Palau and Guam in 1968, Dr. R. Chesher reported the severe damages of the reefs of Guam and called attention to a supposed expansion of Acanthaster infestations in the Pacific coral reefs. In the summer of 1969, Westinghouse survey teams made intensive surveys in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 9 (2): 163-164, 1973.

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11. Dorst, J. 1969. Rapport sur la Conservation de la Nature aux iles Galapagos Etabli pour le IBP/CT. Micronesica. 5 (2): 271-273. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.

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Rapport sur la Conservation de la Nature aux iles Galapagos Etabli pour le IBP/CT

Dorst, J.

Des sa creation en 1959, la Fondation Charles Darwin a eu pour objectif principal l'etude des mesures les plus appropriees a la sauvegarde des especes gravement menacees des Galapagos et des habitats qui leur sont necessaires. Aux termes du contrat signe entre le gouvernement de la Republique d'Ecuador et la fondation, celle-ci a l'obligation de fournir des donnees sur le statut des especes menacees et de suggerer les mesures legislatives a prendre pour leur preservation. De plus, avec l'appui des autorites interessees, le personnel de la Station a pris luimeme des mesures de conservation notamment dans le domaine de la delimitation des reserves et dans l'eradication des animaux domestiques introduits. Nos efforts ont produit d'heureux effets dans plusieurs domaines. Dans l'ensemble et sans entrer dans le detail, la situation s'est considerablement amelioree aux Galapagos. Les resultats obtenus se rangent en plusieurs categories.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (2): 271-273, 1969.

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11. Waterhouse, D.F. 1991. Biological Control: Mutual Advantages of Interaction Between Australia and the Oceanic Pacific. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 83-92. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Biological Control: Mutual Advantages of Interaction Between Australia and the Oceanic Pacific

Waterhouse, D.F.

Australia and Oceanic Pacific countries share a number of major introduced insect and weed pests and both must endure continuing intrusion of new pests. Some important Pacific pests have already been brought under biological control in Australia and the natural enemies employed will almost certainly be of value also in the Pacific. Conversely, some pests already in the Pacific, but which have not reached Australia (e.g. banana skipper, spiraling whitefly), are targets for biological control programs. If these programs are successful (as they probably will be), the reduction in pest densities should help to delay the further spread of these pests. An additional important benefit is that, if other countries are invaded, tested natural enemies will be readily available. There are clearly mutual advantages in close regional collaboration in biological control activities. Reasons for emphasizing the biological control approach and criteria for selection of target pests are discussed.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 83-92, 1991.

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11. Hanlon, D. 1990. "The Pleasure of Speculation and Conjecture:" Early Euro-American Visions of Nan Madol and their Relevance to Post-Modern Archaeological Investigations. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 99-116. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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"The Pleasure of Speculation and Conjecture:" Early Euro-American Visions of Nan Madol and their Relevance to Post-Modern Archaeological Investigations

Hanlon, D.

Using contemporary post-modern ethnographic discourse as a yard stick, this paper examines the conceptual limitations of early Euro-American descriptions ("visions") of Nan Madol and the ways in which they reflect the context of their times.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 99-116, 1990.

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11. Castro, J.S. 1976. Brachyuran Crabs Symbiotic with Scleractinian Corals: A Review of their Biology. Micronesica. 12 (1): 99-110. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1975.

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Brachyuran Crabs Symbiotic with Scleractinian Corals: A Review of their Biology

Castro, J.S.

The brachyuran crabs constitute one of the most diverse components of coral reef communities. Serene (1972) has estimated that more than 500 of approximately 2,000 species of Indo-West Pacific brachyurans are inhabitants of coral reefs. Many of these species are associated in one way or another with scleractinian corals. Some of these are found living on dead coral or coral rubble while others arc facultative or obligate associates of living coral.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 99-110, 1976.

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12. Clark, A.M. 1976. Tropical Epizoic Echinoderms and their Distribution. Micronesica. 12 (1): 111-118. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Tropical Epizoic Echinoderms and their Distribution

Clark, A.M.

Although the newly metamorphosed young of many species of echinoderms are frequently epizoic transitorily on larger sessile or sedentary animals, it is only among the comatulid crinoids and the ophiuroids that a significant number of species, particularly suspension feeders, extend such associations throughout their lives. Where crinoids are concerned, the choice of perch for rheophilic (current-loving) species is limited by purely physical factors and it may be either animate or inanimate but for some ophiuroids an animate host is clearly preferred and the association is to some extent obligatory and can be termed commensal (or, in the case of Ophiomaza, even parasitic). It is noticeable that whereas the relict fauna of recent crinoids shows very limited adaptations to special circumstances, the apparently more plastic ophiuroids have evolved several unusual modifications correlated to some extent at least with the epizoic habit
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 111-118, 1976.

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12. Hara, A.H. 2002. Preventing Alien Species Invasion by Pre-shipment Disinfestation Treatments. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 111-121. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Preventing Alien Species Invasion by Pre-shipment Disinfestation Treatments

Hara, A.H.

Globalization of growing and marketing agricultural crops has increased the invasion of alien species in many parts of the world. A prime example is the spread of the agromyzid leafminer Liriomyza trifolii, originally a major pest of chrysanthemums in Florida. Furthermore, the leafminer was difficult to control because the original population in Florida had already developed resistance to many insecticides. To prevent the spread of alien species, governments must have strict quarantine regulations and consistently reject incoming shipments that are contaminated. Pre-shipment disinfestation treatments are a critical component in the battle to prevent the spread of alien pest species, especially to uninfested areas, throughout global agricultural markets. Promising alternatives to methyl bromide fumigation, such as controlled atmosphere, heat treatment, irradiation, and combinations of treatments, can effectively disinfest perishable commodities, especially tropical cut flowers and foliage and potted plants. Collaboration between academic, government and industry efforts will provide the most effective means of pest detection and exclusion.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 111-121, 2002.

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12. Miller, R.H. 2003. Probit Analysis of Pesticide Toxicity to Aphids on Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 113-123. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Probit Analysis of Pesticide Toxicity to Aphids on Guam

Miller, R.H.

Three common crop aphid pests on Guam, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis gossypii Glover, and Toxoptera citricida (Kirkaldy) were examined in laboratory dip test bioassays using three commonly used insecticides, dimethoate, diazinon, and malathion. The LD₅₀, LD₉₀, lethal dose ratios and 95% confidence limits were computed for each aphid-insecticide combination. The LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ for each aphid-insecticide combination were generally low, although there were differences in lethal doses among aphids collected at different sites on Guam. Analysis of the slopes and intercepts of the probit regressions suggests that different detoxification mechanisms or site-specific factors may be operating. Analysis of lethal dose ratios using the lowest lethal dose in an experiment as a baseline suggest that there is little to no detectable insecticide resistance in the aphid populations studied on Guam.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 113-123, 2003.

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12. Knudson, K.E. 1990. Social Complexity on Truk and in the Marianas: Lack of Correspondence Between Anthropological Models and Historical Evidence. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 117-124. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Social Complexity on Truk and in the Marianas: Lack of Correspondence Between Anthropological Models and Historical Evidence

Knudson, K.E.

According to White's theory of energy utilization, the degree of social stratification (social complexity) depends on energy utilization and technological efficiency. While regional, worldwide, and general Micronesian data seem to uphold this theory, the social organizations of Truk and the Marianas seem to be exceptions. The result poses a problem for both archaeologists and ethnologists. This paper explores the Micronesian situation and discusses the Trukese and Mariana anomalies.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 117-124, 1990.

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12. Marsh, Jr. J.A. & R.T. Tsuda. 1973. Population Levels of Acanthaster planci in the Mariana and Caroline Islands, 1969-1972. Micronesica. 9 (2): 165-166. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Population Levels of Acanthaster planci in the Mariana and Caroline Islands, 1969-1972

Marsh, Jr. J.A. & R.T. Tsuda.

The presence of large numbers of the crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, and its devastating effect on live coral reefs around some Micronesian islands was first documented by a large-scale survey conducted in July and August, 1969. Eight of the 17 islands surveyed at that time had large populations or aggregations of starfish which were causing extensive reef damage. During the period from June, 1970, to May 1972, second surveys were made of Guam and 13 of the 16 Trust Territory islands originally surveyed in 1969. Four of these islands (Guam, Palau, Truk , and Ponape) still had large populations of Acanthaster. Third surveys, approximately a year after the second surveys, indicated the continued presence of large numbers of starfish on two (Truk and Ponape) of the seven islands visited. New surveys in 1971 on a small high island (Aguijan) in the Marianas and eight small atolls in the Carolines revealed significant numbers of starfish and extensive coral damage only on Aguijan; these starfish disappeared a year later. There was a definite overall decline in Acanthaster planci populations from 1969 to 1972. There were no new outbreaks except for the case of Aguijan cited above. We attribute the decrease in starfish numbers partly to control efforts. As of May, 1972, Acanthaster posed no serious additional threat to the reefs of the Mariana and Caroline Islands.

Micronesica 9 (2): 165-166, 1973.

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12. Perry, R. 1969. Conservation Problems in the Galapagos Islands. Micronesica. 5 (2): 275-281. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.

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Conservation Problems in the Galapagos Islands

Perry, R.

This report is submitted to draw attention to the mounting need in the Galapagos Islands for further measures to preserve the indigenous wildlife and its environment. Suggestions are made for the establishment of a series of Reserve Areas where protection could be enforced and where the disastrous effects of human intrusion can still be prevented.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (2): 275-281, 1969.

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12. Sands, D.P.A., M.C. Sands & M. Arura. 1991. Banana Skipper, Erionota thrax (L.) (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae) in Papua New Guinea: a New Pest in the South Pacific Region. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 93-98. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Banana Skipper, Erionota thrax (L.) (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae) in Papua New Guinea: a New Pest in the South Pacific Region

Sands, D.P.A., M.C. Sands & M. Arura.

Banana skipper, Erionota thrax (L.) (Lepidoptera:Hesperiidae) a butterfly of Southeast Asian origin, was first recorded in Papua New Guinea in 1983. Since 1987, it has spread throughout the mainland from sea level to 2500 m. The larvae feed on all species of bananas reducing fruit yields and preventing the traditional use of leaves for other purposes. No hosts other than Musaceae were recorded for E. thrax in Papua New Guinea. A joint survey by CSIRO and the Papua New Guinea Department of Agriculture & Livestock investigated the natural enemies and abundance of E. thrax as a preliminary to biological control of the pest in Papua New Guinea. Of three egg parasitoids found attacking E. thrax, only Ooencyrtus erionotae Ferriere significantly influenced its abundance. Natural enemies of larvae and pupae were uncommon and an important larval parasitoid of E. thrax in Southeast Asia, Apanteles erionotae Wilkinson, was absent. E. thrax could spread from Papua New Guinea, posing a threat to bananas throughout the south Pacific region.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 93-98, 1991.

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13. Muniappan, R. & M. Marutani. 1991. Distribution and Control of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae). Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 103-107. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Distribution and Control of Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae)

Muniappan, R. & M. Marutani.

Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson is a neotropical weed, spread all over the humid tropical regions of Asia, Africa and Micronesia. This paper reviews mechanical, cultural, chemical and biological control methods against this weed. Of these methods, biological control either alone or in combination with others seems to be the most promising one to suppress this weed.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 103-107, 1991.

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13. Ikin, R. 2002. International Conventions, National Policy and Legislative Responsibility for Alien Invasive Species in the Pacific Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 123-128. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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International Conventions, National Policy and Legislative Responsibility for Alien Invasive Species in the Pacific Islands

Ikin, R.

National Quarantine Services have legal control of the introduction of animals, plants, pests and diseases in the Pacific. The Secretariat of the Pacific Community’s Plant Protection and Animal Health Services coordinate governments in the implementation of global obligations of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) and the Organisation International Epizooties (OIE), principally to protect subsistence agricultural production. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) has resulted in the establishment of government agencies for the monitoring and surveillance of the environment, as distinct from agriculture. There is potential for conflicts and duplication when agencies operate under linked but different Conventions. Many Pacific Island countries (PICs) can ill afford duplication of services to regulate transborder movements that pose a risk to agriculture, environment and human health. Environment agencies have primary interest in the local environment and compliance monitoring, whereas quarantine authorities interests are in international trade, cooperation and emergency response. Rationalization of common and duplicated provisions under IPPC and CBD is a subject of current discussions between the Convention secretariats.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 123-128, 2002.

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13. Lucking, L.J. & R.J. Parmentier. 1990. Terraces and Traditions of Uluang: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives on a Prehistoric Belauan Site. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 125-136. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Terraces and Traditions of Uluang: Ethnographic and Archaeological Perspectives on a Prehistoric Belauan Site

Lucking, L.J. & R.J. Parmentier.

This paper combines ethnographic and archaeological perspectives in a study of the earthen terraces of Uluang, an abandoned prehistoric village on Babeldaob Island, Belau. Oral traditions detail the founding and ultimate destruction of Uluang but do not mention the terraces. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Uluang terraces were built well prior to the founding of the village. Their original uses may have been defensive and agricultural.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 125-136, 1990.

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13. Nandwani, D. & J. Joseph. 2003. Biological Control of Insect and Plant Pests in the Marshall Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 125-132. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Biological Control of Insect and Plant Pests in the Marshall Islands

Nandwani, D. & J. Joseph.

Pests and diseases, nearly all of which are exotic to the Marshall Islands, cause significant losses to agriculture. The most serious of these include insect pests such as the breadfruit mealybug, coconut scale and spiraling whitefly, which cause severe damage to many food crops and seriously affect crop productivity and overall food security. The number of insect pests and diseases has increased since 1975 as shown by insect survey done in islands of Ailinglaplap, Mejit, Lae, Jaluit, Likiep, Namu, Arno, Woja and Ailuk. Twenty-one new pest species were introduced to Jaluit and Majuro in 1975 of which twelve species were new to the country. Biological control methods have been conducted as an promote environment-friendly pest control method. A number of natural enemies and parasites, including Chilocorus nigritus and Pseudoscymnus anomalus for coconut scale, Rodolia limbata and R. pumila for breadfruit mealybug and Encarsia sp. for spiraling whitefly have successfully been introduced to some island groups. Rodolia limbata has contributed to a significant decline in breadfruit mealybug in the Majuro atoll, Arno atoll, Mejit Island and Ailinglaplap atoll. Pest density for spiraling whitefly and coconut scales are declining, but are, still present the atolls.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 125-132, 2003.

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13. Wass, R.C. 1973. Acanthaster Population Levels and Control Efforts on Ponape, Eastern Caroline Islands. Micronesica. 9 (2): 167-170. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Acanthaster Population Levels and Control Efforts on Ponape, Eastern Caroline Islands

Wass, R.C.

In 1969, a survey of 16 islands in the U.S. Trust Territory revealed large populations of the coral-eating starfish, Acanthaster planci, in certain locations around Ponape. A control team was formed a year later in an attempt to reduce the numbers of these starfish. Surveys conducted in 1971 and 1972, however, continued to indicate the presence of large numbers of Acanthaster though almost 70,000 were reported killed by the control team. In 1973, when 99,368 starfish were reported killed, the survey did show a reduced population level. During the 14-month period preceding this survey, the average number of starfish killed per diver-hour in the water also decreased significantly. The population decline did not occur everywhere around Ponape. Rather, reductions were limited to those areas where Acanthaster had previously been most abundant and where the greatest control efforts had been exerted.

Micronesica 9 (2): 167-170, 1973.

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13. Doty, M.S., F.R. Fosberg, & D. Mueller-Dombois. 1969. Initial Site Studies for the International Program in the Tropical and Far Western Pacific. Micronesica. 5 (2): 283-293. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.

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Initial Site Studies for the International Program in the Tropical and Far Western Pacific

Doty, M.S., F.R. Fosberg, & D. Mueller-Dombois.

The International Biological Program (=IBP) is embarking on comparative studies of the nature and functions of the major ecosystems in the world. The United States has formed a National Committee operating in the National Academy of Sciences to coordinate funding of participation of its citizens in the IBP.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (2): 283-293, 1969.

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14. Takeuchi, K., S. Koyano & K. Numazawa. 1991. Occurrence of the Giant African Snail in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 109-116. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Occurrence of the Giant African Snail in the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands, Japan

Takeuchi, K., S. Koyano & K. Numazawa.

The giant African snail, Achatina fulica Bowdich, was introduced from Taiwan into Ogasawara in the 1930's. The population gradually increased during the 1940's and reach high densities in the 1950's. During this period, snails spread over the entire islands and caused serious damage to agricultural crops in spite of hand picking and baiting with metaldehyde. The predatory land snail, Euglandina rosea Ferussac, was introduced from Hawaii to Ogasawara in 1965. However, its population density was very low and it was restricted to a few areas in Chichijima Island. In 1985, we started ecological studies on the life history of A. fulica and the factors responsible for fluctuation of its population density. In 1986, the population density of A. fulica started to decline sharply at all the infested areas. The reasons for this sudden decline of population after a 30-year build up have yet to be identified.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 109-116, 1991.

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14. Pascoe, A. 2002. Strategies for Managing Incursions of Exotic Animals to New Zealand. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 129-135. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Strategies for Managing Incursions of Exotic Animals to New Zealand

Pascoe, A.

A major role of the Animal Biosecurity Group within New Zealand’s Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity Authority (MAF Biosecurity) is to detect and respond to ‘post-border’ incursions of exotic animals. This includes exotic animals that are detected after goods are cleared at New Zealand’s borders, and where the path of entry into New Zealand is not known. The Group develops standards which describe surveillance and response mechanisms, co-ordinates the government response when more than one government agency is involved, and may provide input into the development of pest control programs where exotic animal species have started to establish within New Zealand. Since the creation of MAF Biosecurity in 1999, the Group has initiated responses to exotic snakes, frogs, freshwater fish and numerous invertebrates including scorpions, spiders, wasps and ants. Many of these have come from the tropics. Without careful planning and management there is high potential for some of these species to establish within New Zealand. This paper discusses MAF Biosecurity’s exotic animal response and management systems. The recent incursion of the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) to New Zealand is used as a case study to demonstrate how these standards and procedures work in practice.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 129-135, 2002.

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14. Bonsi, E. & E. Bromfield. 2003. Edible and Non-Edible Value-Added Products Developed from Sweet Potato. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 133 Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Edible and Non-Edible Value-Added Products Developed from Sweet Potato

Bonsi, E. & E. Bromfield.

Research data indicates that sweet potato (Ipmoea batatas) is a natural health food given its high-energy yield, dietary fiber, and vitamin and mineral content. Sweet potato has many desirable qualities, including high productivity, high proportion of edible biomass, easy propagation, good nutritional value, ease of preparation, palatability, flexibility in use, human experience, storage stability, suitability for soilless culture, symbiotic requirements and restrictions, and a short growth cycle. Using some of the above-mentioned criteria to select crops appropriate for Controlled Environmental Life Support Systems (CELSS) on manned space missions, NASA selected the sweet potato as one of the crops in the carbohydrate accumulator group. Hydroponically grown sweet potatoes and field grown sweet potatoes possess similar nutritional content and quality. As a result of the diversified characteristics of sweet potatoes, the Center for Food and Environmental Systems for Human Exploration of Space (CRESH) at Tuskegee University has developed edible and non-edible products for utilization and consumption in space and on earth. Sweet potato syrup, drink, waffles, pancakes, muffins, bread rolls, tortillas, pasta, pound cake, biscuit mix, and leaf and root flour used to enhance other foods are among some of the many edible products developed. Paper made from the stem and leaves of the sweet potato has also been developed. Sensory evaluations of the products have been conducted (and are ongoing) by CFESH. Participating consumers from states including Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Washington, Maryland, Virginia, and Texas (Johnson Space Center in Houston) have thus far indicated high acceptability of the products. It is apparent that an increase in the development and production of valueadded sweet potato products will boost the economic value and marketability of sweet potatoes both locally and internationally.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 133 2003.

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14. Hadfield, M.G. 1976. Molluscs Associated with Living Tropical Corals. Micronesica. 12 (1): 133-148. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Molluscs Associated with Living Tropical Corals

Hadfield, M.G.

Of the many thousands of molluscan species which are restricted in their distributions to shallow-water, tropical habitats, few can be shown to have a direct or obligatory association with living corals. For the remainder, a coral reef provides a major type of habitat in which the molluscs are living lives comparable to those of molluscs on temperate shores: they are detritivores, herbivores and carnivores, microphagous or macrophagous, whose life cycles are adapted to the temperatures and food webs of tropical reef ecosystems. In this paper I wish to discuss species with direct and obligatory associations with living corals. The purpose of such a survey is to assess the types of interactions which occur between corals and molluscs, to indicate where knowledge is scant, and to recommend directions for future research.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 133-148, 1976.

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14. Petersen, G. 1990. Some Overlooked Complexities in the Study of Pohnpei Social Complexity. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 137-152. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Some Overlooked Complexities in the Study of Pohnpei Social Complexity

Petersen, G.

The social complexity of Pohnpei has been envisioned primarily as a function of the number of levels of socio-cultural integration it had, and the ideology of Pohnpei chieftainship has been mapped in a one-to-one fashion onto the dynamics of Pohnpei socio-political life. As a result the extraordinary complexity of the relationships between Pohnpeian concepts of rank and the actualities of chiefly authority have been overlooked. Ethnographic data and ethno-historical material are used in an alternative interpretation of Pohnpei socio-political complexity.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 137-152, 1990.

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14. Cheney, D.P. 1973. An Analysis of the Acanthaster Control Programs in Guam and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Micronesica. 9 (2): 171-180. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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An Analysis of the Acanthaster Control Programs in Guam and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

Cheney, D.P.

The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, has been subjected to extensive control programs in Micronesia in an effort to decrease population densities and to reduce probable reef destruction. The kill data from these programs were compiled for the years 1970 through 1972 and summarized and analyzed for important variable components. Detailed analyses were possible only for Ponape, Truk, and Guam. Generally, within an island group, the total number of starfish killed or seen declined following an extended period of starfish control; however, the kill per unit of effort (man-hour in water) remained relatively stable, ranging from 4 in Palau to 18 in Ponape. The total kill per unit of effort (effort based on total man-hours worked) ranged from 1.4 in Palau to 5.2 in Truk . The areal and time patterns of control activities are discussed in relation to the monitoring programs and show with few exceptions good correlation between the results of the control program and the predictions and recommendations of the survey teams. Recommendations are made concerning the influence of certain variables and data keeping procedures in determinating the effectiveness of control programs.

Micronesica 9 (2): 171-180, 1973.

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14. Lusk, M.R. & E. Taisacan. 1997. Description of a Bridled White-eye Nest from Rota, Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 30(1): 183-185. Date Revised/Accepted: 21 October 1996.

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Description of a Bridled White-eye Nest from Rota, Mariana Islands

Lusk, M.R. & E. Taisacan.

The nest of a Rota Bridled White-eye was discovered on 9 June 1993 in the Applatatgua region of Rota. The nest tree was a Hernandia labyrinthica in well-developed limestone forest. The nest's exterior measured 70 by 50 mm, and the interior 50 by 30 mm. The nest was constructed of what were probably fibers from Pandanus tectorius and rootlets of Asplenium nidus. The exterior of the nest was covered with an unidentified moss. The nest was probably unfinished.

Micronesica 30(1): 183-185, 1997.

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14. Numata, M. 1969. Ecological Background and Conservation of Japanese Islands. Micronesica. 5 (2): 295-302. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.

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Ecological Background and Conservation of Japanese Islands

Numata, M.

Japan is really an insular country which consists of four main islands-Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu-and many other small islands. Among these, Honshu is the seventh largest in the world, but it is not usually called an island. The four main islands are called the mainlands of Japan because of their great difference in size from Shikoku and Sado Is. as shown in Table 1. An island is geographically defined as an area of relatively small land mass surrounded by water contrasting with mainlands (continents or main islands).
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (2): 295-302, 1969.

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15. Waterhouse, D.F. 1991. Possibilities for the Biological Control of the Breadfruit Mealybug, lcerya aegptiaca, on Pacific Atolls. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 117-122. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Possibilities for the Biological Control of the Breadfruit Mealybug, lcerya aegptiaca, on Pacific Atolls

Waterhouse, D.F.

The introduced breadfruit mealybug, Icerya aegyptiaca is a major pest in Kiribati and some other Micronesian atolls. It has been brought under effective biological control in the high islands of Micronesia by the introduction of a predatory ladybird beetle, Rodolia pumila. Like most other ladybirds, this species searches effectively at high prey densities, but inefficiently at low densities. When introduced to the relatively restricted atoll environment it soon reduces I. aegyptiaca populations to low levels. It then dies out, apparently being unable to find prey, whereupon there is an upsurge in mealybug populations. One control strategy would be to re-introduce R. pumila whenever mealybug populations reach a pre-determined action level. However, and preferably, other natural enemies could be introduced that might co-exist at low scale densities. In particular, the parasitic fly, Cryptochetum grandicorne, may have appropriate characteristics.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 117-122, 1991.

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15. Bartholomew, R. 2003. Role of the NRCS in Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in the Pacific Basin. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 135 Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Role of the NRCS in Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in the Pacific Basin

Bartholomew, R.

The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) is an agency of the US Depart of Agriculture that provides technical assistance on a voluntary basis to private landowners and local governments to enable them to achieve the sustained use of natural resources. Technical assistance may include the development of resource conservations plans and design of structural and agronomic conservation practices for locations ranging from construction sites to farm fields. Project priorities are set by Soil and Water Conservation Districts that are composed of locally elected or appointed community members to assure that local needs are addressed.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 135 2003.

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15. Eldredge, L.G. 1976. The Need for Faunistic Information on Pacific Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 12 (1): 149-150. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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The Need for Faunistic Information on Pacific Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks

Eldredge, L.G.

In conjunction with the International Symposium on Indo-Pacific Tropical Reef Biology, a series of reports were planned to be presented which summarized the status of knowledge of certain Indo-Pacific animals. The prime objective of the Colloquium was to begin a dialogue on how to better compile information on coral reefs. The information was to be presented by specialists familiar with individual animal groups. Unfortunately, because of financial restrictions, not all those originally scheduled to present papers were able to attend. However, eleven papers were presented and eight are published herein. At least one additional is to be published elsewhere. Two which were presented have been collated here as one.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 149-150, 1976.

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15. Pickering, R.B. 1990. An Ethno-Archaeological Investigation of Yapese Mortuary Behavior. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 153-170. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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An Ethno-Archaeological Investigation of Yapese Mortuary Behavior

Pickering, R.B.

Information provided by old persons from a number of Yapese villages was compared with data collected by Mueller to gauge stability and change in Yapese mortuary practices. As an attempt to gain a better understanding of how grave monuments are related to social characteristics of the dead, this paper presents detailed morphological descriptions of graves, informants' interpretations of various aspects of grave monuments, and informants' descriptions of biographical details of decedents interred within.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 153-170, 1990.

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15. Soegiarto, A. 1973. Status of Acanthaster planci in Indonesian Waters. Micronesica. 9 (2): 181-182. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Status of Acanthaster planci in Indonesian Waters

Soegiarto, A.

During the height of the Acanthaster scare, a few limited surveys were carried out on some Indonesian coral reefs. The recorded number of individuals was from 4 to 13 along a ten-meter line. In January of 1973 an additional survey was carried out on some reefs around Ambon Island. A rather large number of small juveniles was observed, but not at a dangerous level. It is believed that destruction of reef environment due to man activities, such as picking up coral heads for construction in some of the heavily populated islands in Indonesia, is more serious than damage caused by Acanthaster planci.

Micronesica 9 (2): 181-182, 1973.

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15. Clouse, R.M. 1997. End-Plate Spicules in Bohadschia marmorata (Jaeger) (Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae). Micronesica. 30(1): 187-192. Date Revised/Accepted: 11 November 1996.

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End-Plate Spicules in Bohadschia marmorata (Jaeger) (Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae)

Clouse, R.M.

End-plate spicules from the tube feet of the sea cucumber Bohadschia marmorata are described. These spicules may be confused with large plate-like spicules in the body wall, which are not supposed to be in this genus. End-plate spicules are generally considered of no taxonomic value, but they are conspicuously missing from specimens originally described as Holothuria bivittata and currently placed in synonomy with B. marmorata. Considering the taxonomic problems with Bohadschia, and the type species, B. marmorata, it may be useful to use endplate spicules in future Holothurian taxonomic work.

Micronesica 30(1): 187-192, 1997.

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15. Owen, R.P. 1969. The Status of Conservation in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Micronesica. 5 (2): 303-306. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.

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The Status of Conservation in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

Owen, R.P.

Conservation was practiced in Micronesia thousands of years before the advent of European and Oriental contact. The native people by necessity lived close to nature and knew the plants and animals of their environment exceedingly well. Their knowledge of life histories, mating seasons, habitat requirements, and other basic knowledge of the plants and animals enabled them to regulate their harvest and use of wild plants and animals on a sustained yield basis. Chiefly decrees, clan and island taboos and other means of control were apparently effective. The taking of turtles, turtle eggs, incubator bird eggs, sea bird eggs, and dugongs were so regulated. The necessity to have island sancturies for certain birds and turtles were also recognized and such sanctuaries did exist. Some of the old conservation practices of long ago still persist in parts of the Trust Territory, but the impact of cultural changes is gradually breaking down the old chief and clan systems and the conservation practices which were a part of the old system.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (2): 303-306, 1969.

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16. Fatuesi, S., P. Tauili'ili, F. Taotua & A. Vargo. 1991. Cultural Methods of Pest Control on Taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott) in American Samoa. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 123-127. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Cultural Methods of Pest Control on Taro (Colocasia esculenta Schott) in American Samoa

Fatuesi, S., P. Tauili'ili, F. Taotua & A. Vargo.

In December 1989, a Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) of taro agriculture was held in American Samoa. A survey of 32 farmers revealed several traditional methods of insect, disease and weed control. Planting Coleus blumei Beuth in or around a plantation was alleged to control the cluster caterpillar (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)) and the taro planthopper (Tarophagus proserpina (Kirkaldy)). "Smoking" a field with a torch of coconut fronds 3 times a week reportedly controlled the planthopper. Allowing chickens to roam taro fields in search of cluster caterpillars for food, and leaving a cluster caterpillar-infested field fallow for 3 to 5 months supposedly suppressed cluster caterpillar numbers. Control of weeds was accomplished by mulching with coconut fronds and banana leaves. Using the shade of papaya and banana trees and growing taro in high density or in an intercropped scheme were also identified as weed control measures. Pulled and slashed weeds are frequently used as mulch, and the mat of mulch is periodically turned over to break up any rooted weeds. Paragrass was cited as a "fertilizer" weed and "mile-a-minute" (Mikania micrantha Kunth) was regarded as a helpful plant. Herbicides promoted the growth of a different, more persistent weed population which was more difficult to control. Taro corm rot was controlled by selecting disease-free planting material, replanting in fallowed areas, and avoiding areas near Hibiscus tiliaceus L. trees.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 123-127, 1991.

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16. Randall, R.H. 1976. Some Problems in Reef Coral Taxonomy. Micronesica. 12 (1): 151-156. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Some Problems in Reef Coral Taxonomy

Randall, R.H.

This paper is a brief presentation about some of the current problems in reef coral (hermatypic) taxonomy in relation to the role of the taxonomist and how well that role is being fulfilled. In a broad sense, a taxonomist organizes the tremendous diversity of life into an ordered arrangement of related forms. At the first level of organization the life forms are arranged into basic groups, each of which possesses a more or less common set of affinities. At the next level these basic groups are related to other basic groups which together have a broader range of common affinities. This grouping into higher hierarchial organization levels continues until the range of affinities are all encompassing of life itself. Taxonomists work directly in two dimensions of time-the present and the past. They not only organize the living forms, but also those forms which lived in the past by grouping the evidence, which by chance, has been preserved in the crust and sediments of the earth.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 151-156, 1976.

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16. Athens, J.S. 1990. Kosrae Pottery, Clay, and Early Settlement. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 171-186. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Kosrae Pottery, Clay, and Early Settlement

Athens, J.S.

Recent investigations have disclosed the presence of deeply buried and submerged prehistoric pottery deposits on Kosrae. Radiocarbon determinations with age ranges between 108 B.C. and A.O. 244 indicate that this pottery occupation, known only from a restricted area on Lelu Island, is the locus of the earliest known settlement on Kosrae. Early prehistoric settlement on Kosrae is reviewed, and comparisons with pottery assemblages from Truk and Pohnpei are briefly noted. The highly limited spatial and temporal distribution of Kosraean pottery is tentatively suggested to be the result of the lack of suitable clay resources for pottery manufacture. Geological and geomorphological conditions governing the formation of clay deposits are discussed.

A model focusing on the adaptive role of ethnicity and cultural diacritics is advanced to account for the emergence of the highly distinctive Early Lapila pottery, its later simplification, and finally the cessation of Late Lapila and other pottery manufacture on many isolated Pacific islands. The high islands of eastern Micronesia, including Kosrae, fall within expectations generated by the model.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 171-186, 1990.

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16. Nishihira, M. & K. Yamazato. 1973. Observations of Acanthaster Population around Sesoko Island, Okinawa. Micronesica. 9 (2): 183-184. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Observations of Acanthaster Population around Sesoko Island, Okinawa

Nishihira, M. & K. Yamazato.

The second abnormally high concentration of Acanthaster population was observed in the mid-western coast of Okinawa in 1969. Although the high-density area extended northwards, the concentration is still observable in roughly the same part of the island. Some parts of the coral reefs attacked are presently almost free from living corals. Observations on the ecological distribution, density, size distribution, etc ., of an Acanthaster population was carried out in April and May 1972 around Sesoko Island, located 500 m away from Okinawa Island. The change in the population one year after that will be reported with a note on the change observed in the devastated area. Some aspects of the biology of Acanthaster will also be reported.

Micronesica 9 (2): 183-184, 1973.

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16. Salleh, A. & P. Milow. 1997. Notes on Printzina bossei (de Wildeman) Thompson et Wujek (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from Malaysia. Micronesica. 30(1): 193-198. Date Revised/Accepted: 06 November 1996.

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Notes on Printzina bossei (de Wildeman) Thompson et Wujek (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from Malaysia

Salleh, A. & P. Milow.

Micronesica 30(1): 193-198, 1997.

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16. Yonge, C.M. 1969. Conservation of Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 5 (2): 307-310. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.

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Conservation of Coral Reefs

Yonge, C.M.

The effect of man on the terrestrial fauna and flora of oceanic islands and particularly on coral atolls with their initially very restricted terrestrial life has frequently been devastating. Less is known about the effects on submarine life, particularly on the hermatypic animals and plants responsible for the formation and maintenance of coral reefs. But, as biological agents often directly responsible for the creation of land masses and for their continued existence, they are fundamentally important. It is true to say that the continued maintenance of such land areas depends on the activities of the excessively thin covering of living matter which is responsible, with, in the scleractinian corals, the highly significant aid of symbiotic plant cells (zooxanthellae), for the secretion of the reef framework. If this thin covering of living matter is extensively damaged, calcification must cease and the reef framework begin to disintegrate under the combined erosive action of physical and biological agents.

(This is the first paragaph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (2): 307-310, 1969.

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17. Moore, A. 1991. Automated Identification of Insects in Flight. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 129-133. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Automated Identification of Insects in Flight

Moore, A.

Insect wingbeat frequency has been used as a taxonomic character. To test the feasibility of developing instrumentation which monitors the identity and population density of flying insects, wingbeat frequencies of the mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti (L.) and A. triseriatus Say, were recorded using a microcomputer-based instrument which measured light reflected off the wings of individuals in flight. The wingbeat frequency and other spectral components from 403 individual recordings were used to train an artificial neural network. The trained network correctly identified the species and sex of mosquitoes in an independently recorded group of 57 mosquitoes. This technology has potential use for detecting and monitoring a wide range of flying insects.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 129-133, 1991.

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17. Soule, D.F & J.D. Soule. 1976. The Status of Faunistic Information on Tropical Reef Bryozoans. Micronesica. 12 (1): 157-164. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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The Status of Faunistic Information on Tropical Reef Bryozoans

Soule, D.F & J.D. Soule.

The status of faunistic information concerning tropical reef bryozoans dwells at a very low level, virtually at alpha taxonomy, at the present time. Unless changes can occur in diversifying the approach and in supporting field studies, there is little likelihood that the situation will improve. Yet bryozoans play several important roles in at least some of the tropical reefs.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 157-164, 1976.

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17. Yamazato, K. & T. Kiyan. 1974. Reproduction of Acanthaster planci in Okinawa. Micronesica. 9 (2): 185-196. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Reproduction of Acanthaster planci in Okinawa

Yamazato, K. & T. Kiyan.

Reproduction of Acanthaster planci (L.) was studied using samples collected in Okinawa once or twice a month from February 8 to December 12, 1970. Mean gonad index (gonad weight per cent of body weight) increases steadily from February to early June, then declines rapidly from late June to early August. It remains at low levels from early August to early December or possibly to January except October when there is a secondary peak. Along with this change, there are parallel changes in the mean values and frequency distribution patterns of the size of egg cells and in the relative abundance of mature eggs. These and other evidences lead to a conclusion that in Okinawa A. planci breeds mainly during June and July and possibly during October. Nevertheless, the gonads contain mature eggs during other months, except December, though at very low ratios. It is not certain whether actual breeding takes place throughout the year.

Micronesica 9 (2): 185-196, 1974.

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17. Ayres, W.S. 1990. Pohnpei's Position in Eastern Micronesian Prehistory. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 187-212. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Pohnpei's Position in Eastern Micronesian Prehistory

Ayres, W.S.

A synthesis of available archaeological data from Eastern Micronesian islands provides a general understanding of prehistory in this area and a specific assessment of Pohnpei Island prehistory over more than 2000 years. Critical in any late prehistoric sequence formulation for Pohnpei is Nan Madol, and this complex is positioned chronologically and functionally within the broader island context. Possible inter-island relationships, for example, as reflected in the Kachaw complex and similarities between Nan Madol and Kosrae's Lelu complex, are considered.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 187-212, 1990.

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17. Randall, J.E. 1997. The hawkfish Cirrhitichthys serratus Randall, a junior synonym of C.falco Randall. Micronesica. 30(1): 199-203. Date Revised/Accepted: 14 November 1996.

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The hawkfish Cirrhitichthys serratus Randall, a junior synonym of C.falco Randall

Randall, J.E.

The cirrhitid fish Cirrhitichthys serratus Randall (1963) was described from 11 specimens collected from a drydock in Pearl Harbor, Oahu that was hauled from Guam a year earlier. It was distinguished from the apparently larger C. falco Randall, described from Mindanao, by slight difference in color, more convex profile of the nape, and higher average number oflateral-line scales. No additional specimens of C. serratus have been collected in the Hawaiian Islands or Guam, but new material of C. falco the same size as C. serratus eliminated the color and head-shape differences. Although the number of lateral-line scales remains higher for specimens from the Mariana Islands, C. serratus is referred to the synonymy of C. falco.

Micronesica 30(1): 199-203, 1997.

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17. Kawaguti, S. 1969. The Coral Reef of Kikaijima, One of the Amami Islands, and the Problem of its Conservation. Micronesica. 5 (2): 311-312. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.

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The Coral Reef of Kikaijima, One of the Amami Islands, and the Problem of its Conservation

Kawaguti, S.

Kikaijima is a small coral island of about 60 sq.km., situated at about 28°20'N and 130°E. The main portion of the island is composed of raised limestone, fringed by raised reefs and recent reefs.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (2): 311-312, 1969.

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18. Fauchald, K. 1976. A Review of the Need for Work on Polychaete Systematics on Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 12 (1): 165-168. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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A Review of the Need for Work on Polychaete Systematics on Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs

Fauchald, K.

The following quote from Ekman (1953: 13) encasulates the common opinion of polychaetes as biogeographical indicators:

"The polychaetes, which are to a large extent cosmopolitan and therefore do no throw much light on regional zoogeography, also show the boundaries between the West and East Pacific, which is a good indication of the effectiveness of this boundary."

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 165-168, 1976.

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18. Lucas, J.S. 1973. Reproductive and Larval Biology of Acanthaster planci (L.) in Great Barrier Reef Waters. Micronesica. 9 (2): 197-204. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Reproductive and Larval Biology of Acanthaster planci (L.) in Great Barrier Reef Waters

Lucas, J.S.

A small dispersed population of Acanthaster planci on Lodestone Reef was regularly sampled from June 1972 to April 1973. There was a progressive increase in gonad index from mid-winter (June) to mid-summer (December) and then a rapid decline to a low level in late January. These changes were similar in magnitude and timing to those in aggregated populations of A . planci in Great Barrier Reef waters.

Mean oocyte diameter and abundance of spermatozoa varied with gonad index. Oogenesis was very rapid in November and December, and ovaries contained a single mode of mature oocytes in December. Oocytes and spermatozoa were shed during the short breeding season in mid-summer when water temperature was about 28°C and optimal for larval survival. There was no evidence of shedding at any other time, although at least a small proportion of starfish in all samples had some mature gametes.

Larvae were reared from hatching at five temperatures-24, 26, 28, 30, and 32°C, and at three salinities-30, 32.5, and 35%. Survival at day 8 was highest in the lowest salinity and at the medial temperature, 28°C. No larvae developed to brachiolaria at 24 or 32°C. Larval development and metamorphosis were completed at 28°C in a minimum of 17 days. Development was completed at 26%, but not at 22% salinity. Larval temperature requirements may limit the southern distribution of A . planci and the salinity responses of larvae will be important in northern Great Barrier Reef waters.

Micronesica 9 (2): 197-204, 1973.

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18. Masse, W.B. 1990. Radiocarbon Dating, Sea-Level Change and the Peopling of Belau. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 213-230. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Radiocarbon Dating, Sea-Level Change and the Peopling of Belau

Masse, W.B.

The initial settlement of the Belau archipelago has been widely posited to have taken place by 1500 B.C., a time coincident with documented early occupation in the Mariana Islands. However, recent geological studies and data obtained by Southern Illinois University's Belau Archaeological Program now suggest that the initial successful colonization of Belau took place after A.D. I. The absence of early radiocarbon dates from Yap suggests that Belau's northern neighbor likewise may have been colonized much later than the southern Marianas. This paper critically evaluates aspects of sea-level change, radiocarbon dating and the distribution of early cultural remains in Belau in order to discuss the nature and timing of colonization.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 213-230, 1990.

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18. Kawaguti, S. 1969. Effect of the Green Fluorescent Pigment on the Productivity of the Reef Corals. Micronesica. 5 (2): 313-313. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.

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Effect of the Green Fluorescent Pigment on the Productivity of the Reef Corals

Kawaguti, S.

Already in the last century, several scholars noted the green coloration of reef corals. But the fluorescent properties of the green pigment were first observed about thirty years ago at Palau. The pigment seems to be functional as a filter for strong irradiations under transparent tropical sea water.

The green fluorescent pigment is found only in the ectodermal cells. It is most brilliant when the coral polyps are fully expanded and when they are exposed to bright sunshine. Under an electron microscope the pigment appears as various distributions of dense spherical bodies of 0.2 μ or less in diameter. It is easily dissolved in distilled water.

The pigment solution is green in reflected light but pink in transmitted light. Its absorption spectrum shows a strong absorption in the ultraviolet region with a sharp maximum at 330 mμ. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the pigment emits green light (ranging 450-510 mμ) when it is activated by light of 380 mμ. The same phenomenon is observed also in the intact green coral.

This fact suggests that the harmful ultraviolet light is converted into light useful for the photosynthesis of zooxanthellae in the endoderm.

Micronesica 5 (2): 313-313, 1969.

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19. Barnard, J.L. 1976. Amphipoda (Crustacea) from the Indo-Pacific Tropics: A Review. Micronesica. 12 (1): 169-182. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Amphipoda (Crustacea) from the Indo-Pacific Tropics: A Review

Barnard, J.L.

The gammaridean Amphipoda are the dominant peracaridan group of crustaceans in most shallow seas, including the tropics. This discussion reviews the status of our knowledge of this group in Indo-Pacific tropical zones, especially on coral reefs.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 169-182, 1976.

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19. Dana, T.F. & W.A. Newman. 1973. Massive Aggregation and Migration of Acanthaster: Behavioral Responses to Severe Food Limitation. Micronesica. 9 (2): 205-206. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Massive Aggregation and Migration of Acanthaster: Behavioral Responses to Severe Food Limitation

Dana, T.F. & W.A. Newman.

There are but two situations where Acanthaster is known to have overwhelmed the carrying capacity of a reef-the Great Barrier Reef and Guam. References in earlier scientific literature suggest that large aggregations of Acanthaster are not unprecedented. Thus these aggregations may be thought of as evolutionarily determined responses to natural events. Analysis of the size structure of aggregated and non-aggregated Acanthaster populations leads to the conclusion that aggregated populations have growth dynamics virtually the same as non-aggregated ones. Aggregated populations, then, must consist of individuals brought together in response to some peculiar feature of their local environment. Extended periods of abnormally high typhoon frequencies followed by local flurries and direct strikes was a sequence of unusual events preceding the observation of massive aggregations. This suggests that aggregation and migration may be a behavioral response to the food limitation imposed by typhoon damage to a reef's living corals.

Micronesica 9 (2): 205-206, 1973.

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19. Shun, K. & J.S. Athens. 1990. Archaeological Investigations on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 231-240. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Archaeological Investigations on Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, Micronesia

Shun, K. & J.S. Athens.

Extensive archaeological investigations were undertaken along the entire length of the Kwajalein airfield taxiway. Intact prehistoric deposits were documented, and numerous artifacts and archaeological samples were recovered. A lower sediment layer provides evidence for initial human settlement and land use on Kwajalein Islet beginning sometime around 100 B.C. to AD I.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 231-240, 1990.

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19. Clouse, R.M. 1997. Burying behavior in an Indo-Pacific sea cucumber, Bohadschia marmorata Jaeger (Holothuroidea): a circadian, not circatidal, rhythm. Micronesica. 30(2): 245-257. Date Revised/Accepted: 25 July 1997.

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Burying behavior in an Indo-Pacific sea cucumber, Bohadschia marmorata Jaeger (Holothuroidea): a circadian, not circatidal, rhythm

Clouse, R.M.

Rhythmic burying behavior in a sea cucumber was described and its selective advantage investigated. Two populations of Bohadschia marmorata were studied: in a mangrove channel and in a grassflats habitat. Burying was not the result of water depth but rather time of day. In both populations, individuals came to the surface of the sand in midafternoon, were most likely to be fully exposed around midnight, and reburied before dawn. Individuals in the grassflats population were more likely to be completely buried during the day, and they emerged from the sand later in the day than the mangrove population. Three hypotheses for the existence of this behavior were investigated: that they bury to avoid (1) exposure at low tide, (2) ultraviolet light (UVB), and/or (3) stingray feeding groups. The timing of the burying rhythm and the lack of a strong correlation between tide and burying support the hypothesis that B. marmorata bury to avoid UVB exposure.

Micronesica 30(2): 245-257, 1997.

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20. Haig, J. 1976. Decapod Crustacea of Pacific Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 12 (1): 183-186. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Decapod Crustacea of Pacific Coral Reefs

Haig, J.

The decapod Crustacea are among the most abundant and diverse animals in the tropical Indo-West Pacific. Serène (1972) estimated that this area is inhabited by nearly 2,000 species of Brachyura alone. A large proportion of the tropical Indo-West Pacific decapods live on coral reefs: Serène gave their number as over 500 for the brachyurans and classified them as associates with other living coral reef organisms; regular inhabitants of the dead part of the reefs; and species which ordinarily live on rocky, sandy, or muddy substrates off the reefs, but occasionally occur there in suitable microhabitats.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 183-186, 1976.

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20. Yamaguchi, M. 1973. Recruitment of Coral Reef Asteroids, with Emphasis on Acanthaster planci (L.). Micronesica. 9 (2): 207-212. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Recruitment of Coral Reef Asteroids, with Emphasis on Acanthaster planci (L.)

Yamaguchi, M.

The paucity of juvenile asteroids and other echinoderms in the field has been recognized by a number of workers from various localities. Some authors have paid special attention to trying to locate such juvenile populations, but have failed in most cases. This is true for the common asteroids of Guam such as Linckia laevigata, L . multifora, and Culcita novaeguineae. This fact is surprising because the adult populations are so conspicuous. Acanthaster represents a similar picture in population structure. The aggregating populations of Acanthaster from various localities in the Indo-West Pacific show a uniform unimodality in the size-frequency distribution of the animals, except for one from the Red Sea. Juvenile Acanthaster have seldom been located in the field. Field evidence suggests that recruitments of many echinoderms, which produce larvae of similar feeding requirements and similar life-spans, is very sporadic in intensity from year to year although they reproduce annually or semi-continuously. Their populations are maintained by occasional year-classes which settle at high intensity and their longevous nature may keep the populations superficially stable, although the exact longevity data in the animals are unknown.

Micronesica 9 (2): 207-212, 1973.

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20. Solheim, W.G II. 1990. Thoughts on Land and Sea Peoples in Southeast Asia and Their Possible Relationships To Initial Settlement of Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 241-246. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Thoughts on Land and Sea Peoples in Southeast Asia and Their Possible Relationships To Initial Settlement of Micronesia

Solheim, W.G II.

The earliest dates so far reported for initial settlement of Micronesia are from the second millennium B.C. I have hypothesized that by this time in Island Southeast Asia there was a very active maritime network carried on by people I have called the Nusantao. In this paper I look at present day and historic maritime cultures of Southeast Asia which probably developed out of the early Nusanlao and find a great variety in these cultures. Some of them are centered on maritime trade but many combine part-time agriculture on land with part-time fishing or trade by sea. I suggest that the primary settlers of Micronesia-not necessarily the very first people in the islands were Nusantao from the Philippines and eastern Indonesia who were at home both on the land and on the sea.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 241-246, 1990.

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20. Wells, J.W. 1969. Aspects of Pacific Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 5 (2): 317-322. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.

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Aspects of Pacific Coral Reefs

Wells, J.W.

Coral reefs are the only major earth features determined by the complexly integrated operation of both organic and inorganic processes. To the biologist a reef is a dynamic organic community of tropical seas dominated by corals. To the geologist it is a constructional feature of tropical seas conditioned by the marine environment. Exploitation of the tropical Pacific Ocean by man and other terrestrial organisms has been made possible by the two disparate actions: the life processes of reef-building (hermatypic) corals and the geological processes of vulcanism and diastrophism, the former being in turn deterministically conditioned on the development by the latter of substrates at least within 100 meters of the ocean surface. In the long view they are impermanent systems due to the queasiness of the crust beneath the ocean basin. The reefs appear, from what is yet known of the geologic history of the Pacific Basin, to be a late Mesozoic development dating back about 80,000,000 years.

This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (2): 317-322, 1969.

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21. Randall, R.H. 1973. Distribution of Corals After Acanthaster planci (L.) Infestation at Tanguisson Point, Guam. Micronesica. 9 (2): 213-222. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Distribution of Corals After Acanthaster planci (L.) Infestation at Tanguisson Point, Guam

Randall, R.H.

Distributional analysis of the reef corals was undertaken at Tanguisson Point in the early part of 1970, one year after the starfish infestation, and includes relative abundance of coral species and percentage of substrate occupied by living corals by reef zones and the distribution of corallum size and growth forms for the entire reef. By using coral distributional studies conducted prior to the starfish infestation period on an adjacent reef at Tumon Bay, a baseline value was established for the above parameters. Using this baseline data it was found that the total number of species at Tanguission Point had decreased from 146 to 96, and the number of genera from 36 to 33. In the major zones of starfish infestation the per cent of reef surface covered by living corals dropped from 49 to 21 in the reef front zone, from 59 to less than 1 in the submarine terrace zone, and from 50 to less than 1 in the seaward slope zone. There was a relative decrease in all corallum size ranges except the 0-5 cm range and a relative decrease in all the coral growth forms differentiated, except the encrusting types. There is some coral recovery taking place as evidenced by the presence of small, newly established corals from planula settlement and the presence of small surviving patches of previous living corals.

Micronesica 9 (2): 213-222, 1973.

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21. Dye, T. & P.L. Cleghorn. 1990. Prehistoric Use of the Interior of Southern Guam. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 261-274. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Prehistoric Use of the Interior of Southern Guam

Dye, T. & P.L. Cleghorn.

The current interpretation of evidence for the prehistoric use of the interior of Southern Guam derives primarily from the work of Fred Reinman. On the basis of survey and excavation Reinman hypothesized that inland settlement on Southern Guam began late in prehistory and/or was infrequent and/or seasonal. Reinman did not comment on the broader issue of how the interior may have been used throughout prehistory. More recent surveys of portions of the Ugum and Inarajan River valleys and published accounts of Reinman's excavations at coastal and river valley sites yield evidence for a more extensive use of the region than adduced by Reinman, possibly beginning over a millennium ago.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 261-274, 1990.

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21. Goreau, T.F. 1969. Post Pleistocene Urban Renewal in Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 5 (2): 323-326. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.

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Post Pleistocene Urban Renewal in Coral Reefs

Goreau, T.F.

In this paper are examined some aspects of coral reef problems that have not been dealt with adequately before. The biological and ecological diversity of modern reefs is probably greater than any comparable association in earlier geological history. This is related to a very high order of trophic integration and organisation which is perhaps more complex than that of any other major ecosystem, terrestrial or marine. The evolution of such associations is not yet understood, especially as it seems to have taken place in one of the most stable of environments-the tropical sea shore. Although the geological record indicates that reefs are among the oldest continuously existing communities on earth, there is considerable evidence also that the modern reefs are not stable and mature communities, but are undergoing successional changes typical of youthful assemblages.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (2): 323-326, 1969.

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22. Clark, A.M. 1976. Review of Present Status of Knowledge of Pacific Echinoderms. Micronesica. 12 (1): 193-196. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Review of Present Status of Knowledge of Pacific Echinoderms

Clark, A.M.

Inevitably most work in the Pacific on echinoderms has been done intertidally and in the upper 20 meters or so of water. The fauna of the tropical area, excepting the East Pacific, has been reviewed comprehensively by Clark and Rowe (1971) who give a fauna list/distribution table for the sub-areas of the Indo-West Pacific and annotated keys to the species (except for holothurians which are dealt with to genus or subgenus only). Since that date, notable contributions on the taxonomy of the Asterozoa of south-east Polynesia by Devaney and by Marsh have appeared and Devaney's revision of the dominant family of coral reef ophiuroids-the Ophiocomidae (to be concluded) includes many relevant species.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 193-196, 1976.

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22. Pearson, R.G. 1973. Recovery of Coral Reefs on the Great Barrier Reef Following Attack by Acanthaster. Micronesica. 9 (2): 223-224. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Recovery of Coral Reefs on the Great Barrier Reef Following Attack by Acanthaster

Pearson, R.G.

Investigations have centered on reefs off the Queensland coast near Innisfail. Large populations of Acanthaster attacked these reefs in the mid 1960's. Transect surveys of the seaward slopes of 18 reefs made during July-November 1971 showed that the coverage of live corals, larger than about 10 cm diameter, ranged from less than 1 per cent on the worst affected reef to 58.5 per cent on an undamaged reef. Corals near the reef crest subject to heavy wave action and large colonies of Diploastrea and massive and branching Porites were least affected. Long term quantitative studies of two 10 m² plots on damaged reefs have recently commenced. Preliminary results show that about 70 to 75 per cent of all colonies are less than 5 cm diameter. Although turnover of small corals is high there is a net gain of colonies. Mortality of large colonies is low. Factors which could influence the recovery of corals on damaged reefs are discussed.

Micronesica 9 (2): 223-224, 1973.

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22. Streck, C.F., Jr. 1990. Prehistoric Settlement in Eastern Micronesia: Archaeology on Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 247-260. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Prehistoric Settlement in Eastern Micronesia: Archaeology on Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands

Streck, C.F., Jr.

Recent archaeological research on coral atolls in Micronesia suggest that they may have been settled contemporaneous or prior to the high volcanic islands of the region. Research on Bikini Atoll in the northern Marshall Islands has resulted in the identification of extensive prehistoric cultural deposits despite massive modern disturbance from nuclear weapon testing and construction of support facilities. These cultural desposits have been radiocarbon dated to perhaps greater than 3,000 years B.P., despite Bikini's perceived environmental marginality. The cultural remains also exhibited distinct functional specificity and illustrated the geomorphic dynamism of island landforms on coral atolls. The results of this research indicate that cultural adaptation to coral atoll environments may be of great antiquity in Micronesia.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 247-260, 1990.

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23. Eldredge, L.G. 1976. lndo-Pacific Ascidian Studies. Micronesica. 12 (1): 197-198. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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lndo-Pacific Ascidian Studies

Eldredge, L.G.

Ascidians are sessile tunicates which are cosmopolitan, occurring in all seas, at all depths. All the species are generally considered to belong to fourteen families. As with the other small-sized and virtually noneconomic invertebrates, little work is being carried out at present. Older expedition reports were extensive and well illustrated, but, unfortunately, almost none of these are useable in the identification of specimens from the shallow waters of the islands. Studies for ascidians in Japanese waters continues. Tokioka's (1953) work on Sagami Bay is probably one of the most valuable, but it contains no keys to assist in identification.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 197-198, 1976.

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23. Wickler, W. 1973. Biology of Hymenocera picta Dana. Micronesica. 9 (2): 225-230. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Biology of Hymenocera picta Dana

Wickler, W.

The marine shrimp Hymenocera picta Dana of the Indo-Pacific region grows up to 5 cm in length. Both sexes moult every 18-20 days. After each moult, the female is ready to spawn about 1000 eggs which become attached to the underside of her abdomen. Mysis-larvae hatch out of the eggs within 18 days. Between moulting and egg-laying the female will allow one single copulation which is good for only one batch of eggs. These shrimps are territorial (philopatric) and normally live in pairs. Hymenocera seem to feed exclusively on starfish; they are able to kill even large specimens. There is no obvious cooperation between the members of a pair, nor are two animals necessary to make hunting successful. Every Hymenocera-male has a clear preference for his individual mate with whom it stays most of the time. However, it tries to copulate with every available freshly moulted female. Since individual recognition and pair-bond do exist, this species seems to have a rather low population density which has been confirmed by field data.

Micronesica 9 (2): 225-230, 1973.

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23. Bath, J.E. & J.S. Athens. 1990. Prehistoric Social Complexity on Pohnpei: The Saudeleur to Nahnmwarki Transformation. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 275-290. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Prehistoric Social Complexity on Pohnpei: The Saudeleur to Nahnmwarki Transformation

Bath, J.E. & J.S. Athens.

Oral accounts indicate that an island-wide polity under the rule of the Saudeleur titular chiefs was once formed in early prehistoric times and was later transformed or replaced by the Nahnmwarki system in which multiple autonomous polities ruled different parts of Pohnpei. This paper evaluates these accounts against recent archaeological data and attempts to determine whether the transformation represents a substantive change in the complexity of traditional Pohnpeian society.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 275-290, 1990.

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24. Seibt, U. 1973. Sense of Smell and Pair-Bond in Hymenocera picta Dana. Micronesica. 9 (2): 231-236. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Sense of Smell and Pair-Bond in Hymenocera picta Dana

Seibt, U.

Hymenocera picta Dana has functional eyes and is able to recognize conspecifics by sight over 20 cm away. Prey, however, is identified by smell and located by the shrimp moving upstream as long as the scent is perceived. Scents are perceived by the waving antennules which have a single row of sensory hairs on their terminal lobes. Hymenocera are normally found in pairs: 93.5 per cent heterosexual and 6.5 per cent homosexual. Therefore, both sexes must be able to identify the sex of a conspecific. Using only scent-cues, the shrimp does prefer conspecifics over other crustacea. Males identify by scent only and prefer their own female over any other conspecific. A pheromone is produced only by the female and perceived by males only. Motivation analysis shows that the pairbond (the attachment to a particular individual of opposite sex) in Hymenocera is not part of the agonistic, or sexual, or brood-care behavior complex, but is based on a special "drive for attachment". We suggest that attachment to a conspecific in Hymenocera is a means of reducing stress in the individual.

Micronesica 9 (2): 231-236, 1973.

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24. Peoples, J.G. 1990. The Evolution of Complex Stratification in Eastern Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 291-302. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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The Evolution of Complex Stratification in Eastern Micronesia

Peoples, J.G.

This paper distinguishes the functional and conflict (or coercive) approaches to stratfication. The former claims that stratification develops out of societal-level needs for efficient production, trade, warfare, and other large-scale activities. The conflict approach holds that inequality is rooted in differential control over resources, technology, and personnel, which provide the means for some groups to coerce others and acquire a greater share of material and social rewards. Applying the conflict approach to eastern Micronesian islands, the paper suggests how variable geographic and ecological conditions influenced the development of stratification and the scale of political integration in Kosrae and Truk.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 291-302, 1990.

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25. Bryan, P.G. 1973. Growth Rate, Toxicity, and Distribution of the Encrusting Sponge Terpios sp. (Hadromerida: Suberitidae) in Guam, Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 9 (2): 237-242. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.

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Growth Rate, Toxicity, and Distribution of the Encrusting Sponge Terpios sp. (Hadromerida: Suberitidae) in Guam, Mariana Islands

Bryan, P.G.

An encrusting marine sponge, thought to be a new species of Terpios, encrusts both living and non living substrates on Guam. Growth rate, toxicity, and distribution of the sponge were studied. The sponge grew an average of 23 mm per month over a live colony of Porites lutea. Sponge growth over live corals was significantly faster (P≤0.025) than growth over non living substrate. Pieces of the sponge placed on specimens of Fungia echinata killed some of the coral tissue and caused retraction of the tentacles and closure of the stomodaea. The most extensive encrustations of Terpios sp. were found along the southeast side of Guam on the reef terraces and also on the western side near Anae Island. In one area the sponge dominated most of the reef terrace for nearly a kilometer.

Micronesica 9 (2): 237-242, 1973.

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25. Ueki, T. 1990. Formation of a Complex Society in an Island Situation. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 303-316. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Formation of a Complex Society in an Island Situation

Ueki, T.

Archaeological evidence from the district of Utwa and ethnohistorical accounts for the island of Kosrae as a whole are shown to support a new model which ties population pressure to the rise of local conflict and the emergence of three social echelons in Kosrae. However, the data presently available are very limited, and more extensive archaeological surveys are still necessary before this or any other model can be put forward with confidence.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 303-316, 1990.

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26. Pietrusewsky, M. 1990. The Physical Anthropology of Micronesia: a Brief Overview. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 317-322. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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The Physical Anthropology of Micronesia: a Brief Overview

Pietrusewsky, M.

Compared with the other fields of anthropology, there have been relatively few studies in Micronesian physical anthropology (Howells 1973). Some early anthropometric work has been done, primarily by German (e.g., Hambruch 1909, Schlaginhaufen 1929) and later, by Japanese (e.g., Hasebe 1938) anthropologists. According to Hunt (l 950), the work by Hasebe is one of the most extensive anthropometric surveys of living Micronesians ever made. Unfortunately, except for a single English translation mentioned in Hunt (1950), the latter's work is published in Japanese.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 317-322, 1990.

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27. Brace, M.L., Y. Dodo, K.D. Hunt, W.R. Leonard, L. Yongyi, S. Sangvichien, S. Xiang-qing & Z. Zhenbiao. 1990. Micronesians, Asians, Thais and Relations: A Craniofacial and Odontometric Perspective. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 323-348. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Micronesians, Asians, Thais and Relations: A Craniofacial and Odontometric Perspective

Brace, M.L., Y. Dodo, K.D. Hunt, W.R. Leonard, L. Yongyi, S. Sangvichien, S. Xiang-qing & Z. Zhenbiao.

Mesial-distal and buccal-lingual dental measurements and seventeen craniofacial measurements were made on specimens from some twenty groups from China, Japan, Southeast Asia, the Philippines, Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia. After the craniofacial measurements had been used to construct Euclidean distance dendrograms, the samples were grouped into three relatively unrelated clusters-Mainland-Asian, Australo-Melanesian and Jomon-Pacific. The Mainland-Asian cluster included Southeast Asian and Chinese Neolithic and modem samples plus Yayoi and modem Japanese samples. The Australo-Melanesian cluster included Australians and samples from island Melanesia. The Jomon-Pacific cluster included the Jomon and Ainu from Japan as well as all the Polynesian and Micronesian samples. Post-Pleistocene dental reduction started earliest and has proceeded furthest in the Jomon-Pacific cluster, especially its northernmost members. The possibility is proposed that the original source of the Austronesian speakers of the Pacific-the Polynesians and Micronesians-may have been the Japanese and Ryukyu archipelago. An in situ transformation of Melanesians into Polynesians is the least likely explanation.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 323-348, 1990.

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28. Hanson, D.B. 1990. Paleopathological Observations on Human Skeletal Remains from Rota, Mariana Islands: Epidemiological Implications. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 349-362. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Paleopathological Observations on Human Skeletal Remains from Rota, Mariana Islands: Epidemiological Implications

Hanson, D.B.

Recently recovered mortuary data from Rota are examined within the context of existing epidemiological models for island populations. It is suggested that the seasonal availability of potable water from catchments along the island's northern coast was a major epidemiological factor in the morbidity and mortality of late prehistoric and early historic coastal populations on Rota.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 349-362, 1990.

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29. Howells, W.W. 1990. Micronesia to Macromongolia: Micro-Polynesian Craniometrics And the Mongoloid Population Complex. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 363-372. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Micronesia to Macromongolia: Micro-Polynesian Craniometrics And the Mongoloid Population Complex

Howells, W.W.

Using previous cranial evidence, this paper considers the Micronesian and the Polynesian populations in terms of their position within the diversity of East Asian populations and meaning for the history of the so-called Mongoloid peoples.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 363-372, 1990.

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30. Pietrusewsky, M. 1990. Craniometric Variation in Micronesia and the Pacific: A Multivariate Study. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 373-402. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Craniometric Variation in Micronesia and the Pacific: A Multivariate Study

Pietrusewsky, M.

Multivariate statistical analyses of craniometric data from Micronesia, circumMicronesian Pacific, Southeast Asia, and East Asia, suggest an east-west division within Micronesia. Other comparisons indicate, however, that while there may have been closer ties between Western Micronesian and Southeast or East Asian populations on the one hand and affinities between Eastern Micronesian and Polynesian populations on the other, there is a basic continuity within all the Micronesian peoples. The analysis does not support the belief that either the Micronesian or the Polynesian populations were derived from Melanesian populations.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 373-402, 1990.

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31. Turner, C.G. II. 1990. Origin and Affinity of the People of Guam: A Dental Anthropological Assessment. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 403-416. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Origin and Affinity of the People of Guam: A Dental Anthropological Assessment

Turner, C.G. II.

Dental morphology of Guam crania is compared with that of other Micronesians, Polynesians, Australmelanesians, and various Asians to assess relationships and probable origins. Using 25 crown and root traits of several thousand individuals, obtained chiefly by archaeological means, clustering analyses of multivariate between-group Mean Measures of Divergence show a major pattern of Pacific Basin affinities with SE Asia. Guam dentition is most like those of some Polynesians and some SE Asians. There is practically no dental support for a close relationship between Guam and Australmelanesians. These findings suggest that the Guam population originated in southern Island SE Asia, either directly, or indirectly by a Polynesian-derived colonization of Micronesia.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 403-416, 1990.

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32. Underwood, J.H. 1990. Population Studies and Historical Demography: Context of Microevolution in Micronesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 417-430. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Population Studies and Historical Demography: Context of Microevolution in Micronesia

Underwood, J.H.

Demographic models derived for Micronesian islands form the basis for developing hypothetical reconstructions of Micronesian population histories. Population data and estimates from archaeological reports, historical sources and censuses are then compared to these simulated outcomes. The results are used to evaluate extant materials and reconstructions of population histories and current processes responsible for the observed biological variability of Micronesian island populations. The study provides a broad demographic framework essential to better understanding of, and more productive research into, the adaptive processes which led to the ecological successes of proto-Micronesian settlers and their descendants.

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 417-430, 1990.

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33. Underwood, J.H. 1990. Physical Anthropology in Micronesia: A Closing Statement. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 431-434. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.

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Physical Anthropology in Micronesia: A Closing Statement

Underwood, J.H.

The present session has emphasized in large measure the critical problem of identifying the ancestral origins of Micronesians, of seeking out the roots of the colonizers of the region's many far-flung islands (Brace et al., Howells, Pietrusewsky, Turner this volume). The discovery of new island homes, a process doubtless repeated again and again in an on-going spread across the Pacific was, however, only the first step. Whatever their ancestral sources, Micronesians are the descendants of the members of those founding colonist groups who survived and successfully flourished after reaching each island's shores. Demographic processes were critical in achieving these successes, as also in producing the genetic and biological characteristics of past and living Micronesian populations.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica Suppl. 2: 431-434, 1990.

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