Conference

1. Kerr. A.M., T. Schils & C.L. Raulerson. 2015. The University of Guam Herbarium: The First 50 Years. Micronesica. 2015-01: 1-7. Date Revised/Accepted: 17 January 2015.
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The University of Guam Herbarium: The First 50 Years

Kerr. A.M., T. Schils & C.L. Raulerson.

Since 1962, the University of Guam has housed the GUAM herbarium collection, which comprises important collections of terrestrial and marine plants from the tropical western Pacific. This herbarium contains 57,647 archived specimens, mostly from Micronesia, an expanse in the western Pacific the size of the continental United States and encompassing over 2,000 islands. Specimens include comprehensive collections from the region as well as the entire terrestrial and marine flora of the Mariana Islands (of which the territory of Guam is the largest and southernmost island). Unique amongst U.S. herbaria, GUAM’s focal area of research is situated entirely within the Paleotropics, e.g., with lateritic soils and uplifted limestone habitats. The remote, insular and oceanic setting has also resulted in a herbarium that, for its size, has a high proportion of rare, endangered and newly discovered species. The herbarium also contains unique vouchers from island areas that have been devastated by volcanic eruptions. GUAM provides the nearest reference collection and taxonomic expertise for most Micronesian-based governments, conservationists and resource managers.
Micronesica 2015-01: 1-7, 2015.
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Kerr Et Al, 2015
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1. Mueller-Dombois, D. 2008. The evolution of the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect Network (PABITRA) in the Pacific Science Association. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 1-7. Date Revised/Accepted: 03 December 2007.
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The evolution of the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect Network (PABITRA) in the Pacific Science Association

Mueller-Dombois, D.

At the 21st Pacific Science Congress in Okinawa (June 2007), we celebrated the first ten years of PABITRA, the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect Network. PABITRA is a grass roots effort of a group of conservation scientists that presents a significant departure from earlier efforts in ecology and conservation to fulfill the mission of the Pacific Science Association (PSA). This departure goes beyond the usual means of scientific communication as it actively encourages and involves resident Pacific Islanders in biodiversity assessment of their own renewable resources. It aims at empowering them to work with scientific methods through hands-on experience in cooperation with established conservation scientists. The principal objectives are mutual capacity building with work along selected ecosystem transects aiming to answer scientific questions and to fulfill practical needs. This introductory paper discusses four main points: a brief history leading to PABITRA; the PABITRA concept; the PABITRA track record; and PABITRA’s long-term goals.
Micronesica 40(1/2): 1-7, 2008.
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Mueller-Dombois 2008
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1_mueller-dombois.pdf (1.15 MB)
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1. Stoddart, D.R. 1976. Continuity and Crisis in the Reef Community. Micronesica. 12 (1): 1-10. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Continuity and Crisis in the Reef Community

Stoddart, D.R.

This Symposium has for its theme reef biology in the Indo-Pacific; it is particularly concerned with the present state of faunistic information in this area, and the extent to which biogeographic patterns are reflected in the structure and morphology of local reef communities. The tropical Indo-Pacific, from the east coast of Africa, Madagascar, and the Red Sea to the easternmost Tuamotus, is one of extraordinary uniformity in shallow benthic marine biota. This applies not only to the more conspicuous components of the coral reefs, but also to many intricate associations of plants and animals found in this environment. This fact alone, based though it is on a patchy and limited sampling of reefs, nevertheless represents a remarkable paradox, for it exists in spite of recurrent crises in the reef seas which reached their peak during the period of Pleistocene glaciations and which are probably not over yet.
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Micronesica 12 (1): 1-10, 1976.
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Stoddart 1976
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continuity_and_crisis_in_the_reef_community_by_stoddard_d.r._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (632.99 KB)
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1. McDowall, R.M. 1997. Is There Such a Thing as Amphidromy?. Micronesica. 30(1): 3-14. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Is There Such a Thing as Amphidromy?

McDowall, R.M.

Anadromy and amphidromy are different migratory/life history strategies. However, few North American ichthyologists and fisheries biologists use the term amphidromy, and usually describe amphidromous fishes as anadromous. By contrast those who study fishes of the fresh waters of tropical islands, as well as Japan, New Zealand and Australia, routinely use the term amphidromy. This difference in practice is attributed to the general lack of amphidromous fishes in continental North America.
Amphidromy is used to describe migratory fish that return from the sea to fresh waters at a juvenile stage; they do most of their feeding and growing in fresh water and eventually reproduce there. By contrast, in anadromous fishes, the return migration from the sea to fresh water is of adult fish approaching sexual maturity. Most or all feeding and growth of anadromous fishes takes place in the sea; they usually undertake little or no feeding in fresh water, though they reproduce there.
Micronesica 30(1): 3-14, 1997.
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McDowall1997
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1_-_mcdowellocr.pdf (676 KB)
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2. Tsuda, R.T. 1976. Role of Benthic Algae in the Coral Reef Ecosystem: Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 12 (1): 11-12. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Role of Benthic Algae in the Coral Reef Ecosystem: Introductory Remarks

Tsuda, R.T.

Past studies on benthic algae of tropical reefs have focused on the descriptive aspects. In recent years, there has been an increase in interdisciplinary studies whereby researchers in various disciplines have pooled their knowledge to better interpret certain aspects of reef function. Since the benthic algae are the primary producers on the reef and knowledge on this group is basic to other studies, emphasis has focused on the role of benthic algae in the coral reef ecosystem.
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Micronesica 12 (1): 11-12, 1976.
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Tsuda 1976
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role_of_benthic_algae_in_the_coral_reef_ecosystem_-_introductory_remarks_by_tsuda_r.t._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (46.68 KB)
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2. Kent, D.I. & J.B. Marliave. 1997. Early Life History of the Arrow Goby, Clevelandia ios (Jordan & Gilbert) , Gobiidae. Micronesica. 30(1): 15-23. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Early Life History of the Arrow Goby, Clevelandia ios (Jordan & Gilbert) , Gobiidae

Kent, D.I. & J.B. Marliave.

The arrow goby, Clevelandia ios, hatches over estuarine mud flats and remains entrained in shallow water until after caudal fin formation, when schooling behavior commences in the extreme nearshore. All larval stages are illustrated. Settlement is preceded by fusion of the pelvic fins and coincides with pigment pattern development, whereas burrow entry correlates most closely with completion of pigment pattern development. Laboratory tests indicate an experience component to latency times in burrow entry. Juveniles prefer sand substrate, but no preference for presence of burrows or ghost shrimp (Callianassa californiensis) in substrates was evident.
Micronesica 30(1): 15-23, 1997.
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Kent1997
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2_-_kentocr.pdf (459.67 KB)
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2. Kitalong, A.H. 2008. Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 9-31. Date Revised/Accepted: 12 December 2007.
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Forests of Palau: a long-term perspective

Kitalong, A.H.

The Republic of Palau is an archipelago of the Caroline Islands (latitudes 8 ̊12' to 2 ̊48' and longitudes 131 ̊07' to 134 ̊44') with over 802 native plants of which 18.7% are endemic. Forest vegetation growth ranged from 0.04% to 0.22% yr-1 in three decades. Forest patches in Babeldaob showed differential growth rates with an overall rate of expansion of 38 m2 yr-1. Nine patches expanded at an average rate of 608 m2 yr-1, three patches decreased at a rate of 1267 m2 yr-1 and 34 patches showed no change. Uncommon endemic species occurred in stable, wet and inaccessible areas of Babeldaob including Parkia parvifoliola and Terminalia crassipes. Dominant trees include Campnosperma brevipetiolata, Horsfieldia spp., Maranthes corymbosa and Alphitonia carolinensis. One large limestone island had a higher percentage of endemic trees (16.4%) than ten smaller limestone islands (11%). Within the island cluster, the larger islands had more species (mean = 26.8) than the smaller islands (mean = 7.8). A 2001 survey of 90 homes indicated that Areca catechu, Cocos nucifera and Mangifera indica were the most common trees. Year round and synchronous spring and fall flowering and fruiting was observed for dominant tree species. Endemic trees tend to have smaller fruits. Broad reproductive periods, easily dispersed seeds, seeds with thick exocarps and dwarfism are adaptations that may help trees survive climate change and human disturbance on small islands. The invasive trees, Falcataria moluccana and Adenanthera pavonina are considered threats to native forests. National land use and forest policies are needed to ensure that Palau’s forests remain intact into the next century.
Micronesica 40(1/2): 9-31, 2008.
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Kitalong 2008
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3. Marsh, Jr. J.A. 1976. Energetic Role of Algae in Reef Ecosystems. Micronesica. 12 (1): 13-22. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Energetic Role of Algae in Reef Ecosystems

Marsh, Jr. J.A.

Reef communities are recognized for their high productivity, but there is little information on the particular populations of primary producers responsible for this. There has as yet been no satisfactory attempt to rank the producer populations in a reef community according to their relative importance, and it is not clear whether community productivity is dominated by one or a few such populations or is distributed fairly evenly over a number of populations. There is also little information on how productivity varies spatially and temporally, nor is it yet known if there are basic differences between different types of reefs. Metabolic studies of reefs have tended to focus more on the community approach than on the study of individual populations.
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Micronesica 12 (1): 13-22, 1976.
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Marsh 1976
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energetic_role_of_algae_in_reef_ecosystems_by_marsh_j.a._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (640.54 KB)
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3. Bell, K. N. I., J. A. Brown & P. Pepin. 1997. Variation in Age-at-Recruitment Can Drive Recruitment Dynamics: the Example of Sicydium spp. (Pisces: Gobiidae) in Dominica, West Indies. Micronesica. 30(1): 25 Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Variation in Age-at-Recruitment Can Drive Recruitment Dynamics: the Example of Sicydium spp. (Pisces: Gobiidae) in Dominica, West Indies

Bell, K. N. I., J. A. Brown & P. Pepin.

Early life history can influence recruitment through a mechanism not previously identified. Age-at-recruitment (AAR) was shown by otolith evaluation and periodic regression to vary seasonally in Sicydium spp. in Dominica, West Indies. These species reproduce and recruit pan-seasonally, making them ideal study species for recruitment-dynamic problems. Although pan-seasonal, there is a pronounced peak season for recruitment not adequately explained by variation in reproduction. We used numerical simulation to explore the potential of seasonal variation in age-at-recruitment to influence recruitment seasonality. From this we show that with temporally constant reproduction, AAR variation can cause large variations in recruitment; when coupled with realistic (but temporally constant) daily survival rates, recruitment can vary ten- to twenty-fold or more. The recruitment variation is caused by two allied processes usually acting together: a Doppler-like effect and a compounding of prevailing mortality over variable time. Thus, AAR should not be assumed constant, and temporal variation in AAR should be considered as a source of otherwise unexplainable recruitment variation. This phenomenon may occur in many other taxa, and becomes more easily detected as the duration of the spawning and recruitment seasons increases. At present there are insufficient data to determine whether long-term changes are occurring in growth rates and age-at-recruitment; this is principally because otoliths are destroyed by conventional preservation. There is a need to develop collections of properly preserved otoliths which can later be analysed, and this collection can begin with each interested scientist, with very little expense.
Micronesica 30(1): 25 1997.
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Bell1997
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3_-_bellocr.pdf (50.31 KB)
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3. Thaman, R.R. 2008. Atolls – the “biodiversity cool spots” vs hot spots: a critical new focus for research and conservation. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 33-61. Date Revised/Accepted: 04 January 2008.
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Atolls – the “biodiversity cool spots” vs hot spots: a critical new focus for research and conservation

Thaman, R.R.

This paper highlights the seriousness of the “biodiversity crisis” on atolls and the need to place greater research and conservation emphasis on atolls and other small island ecosystems. It presents a “snapshot” of the current status of atoll biodiversity, including associated marine biodiversity, and stresses that atolls are “biodiversity cool spots”, which, apart from, in some cases, very considerable marine resources, have among the poorest and most highly threatened biodiversity inheritances on Earth. Atoll societies and ecosystems are also widely believed to be the most seriously threatened by global climate change and associated sea level rise. This paper is based on studies over the past twenty years conducted in the atolls of Tuvalu, Tokelau, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago of French Polynesia. It stresses that atolls offer some of the greatest opportunities for integrated studies of simplified small-island ecosystems, especially studies that involve local communities and local researchers, as have been emphasized by the Pacific Asia Biodiversity Transect Network (PABITRA). It is suggested that, if we are really worried mutual capacity building and sustainability of islands as human support systems, we must place higher priority on research on, and the conservation of, the Earth’s “cool spots”, such as the atolls and other biodiversity-poor small islands. Emphasis is also placed on the importance of the protection, recording and application of indigenous knowledge, here referred to as “ethnobiodiversity”, which when used in concert with the most up-to-date modern scientific knowledge, constitutes perhaps the most appropriate means of designing models for the sustainable use of small island ecosystems.
 
Micronesica 40(1/2): 33-61, 2008.
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Thaman 2008
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3_thaman.pdf (315.17 KB)
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4. Wiebe, W.J. 1976. Nitrogen Cycle on a Coral Reef. Micronesica. 12 (1): 23-26. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Nitrogen Cycle on a Coral Reef

Wiebe, W.J.

While coral reefs are characterized by high rates of biological productivity, it has long been a puzzle to biologists as to how this is accomplished. Most reefs exist in oceanic deserts where phytoplankton production is extremely low. In nutrient poor waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean, nitrogen is believed to be the most limiting element (Thomas and Owen, 1971). Starting in 1971 on the Symbios expedition (Johannes et al., 1972), a group of scientists examined the nitrogen flux of a windward reef at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. In this paper I wish to review these findings.
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Micronesica 12 (1): 23-26, 1976.
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Wiebe 1976
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nitrogen_cycle_on_a_coral_reef_by_wiebe_w.j._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (274.31 KB)
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4. Kinzie III, R. A. 1997. Evolution and Life History Patterns in Freshwater Gobies. Micronesica. 30(1): 27-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Evolution and Life History Patterns in Freshwater Gobies

Kinzie III, R. A.

Gobioid fishes have invaded freshwater systems from the tropics to warm temperate regions. This move has brought about many changes in the biology of the fishes that have made the transition. However, the basic reproductive biology of most freshwater gobioids appears to be similar to that seen in near-shore marine species. Many freshwater gobioids retain a link to the sea through their amphidromous life cycle, but several genera have produced landlocked forms with no diadromy. Egg size, and the inversely related fecundity, change markedly when landlocking results in the production of non-planktonic young. Where it has been determined, the planktonic phase in the amphidromous species is quite long relative to typical shallow water marine gobies and is particularly long in the genus Awaous, which has other atypical features in its reproductive biology. Patterns of endemism in freshwater gobioids may be explained only in part by the length of planktonic larval life.
Micronesica 30(1): 27-40, 1997.
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Kinzie1997
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4_-_kinzieocr.pdf (785.93 KB)
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4. Manner, H. 2008. Directions for long-term research in traditional agricultural systems of Micronesia and the Pacific Islands. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 63-86. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 December 2007.
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Directions for long-term research in traditional agricultural systems of Micronesia and the Pacific Islands

Manner, H.

Following a review of the major systems of traditional agriculture, this paper briefly considers the role of traditional agriculture in environmental modification, and the related concepts of sustain- ability, agricultural intensification, carrying capacity, biodiversity and agricultural disintensification (abandonment). Research interest in traditional agricultural systems of the Pacific Islands has waned considerably since the 1960s and there are few current studies of these systems in Micronesia. Both species and cultivar diversity of the traditional agricultural systems of the region are high and may contribute significantly to their sustainability. However, there is little ongoing research on the role of biodiversity in these traditional systems. Some reasons for the apparent lack of research in the ecology of traditional agricultural systems are presented. The Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA) network emphasizes investigation of the function of biodiversity and the health of ecosystems in the tropical Pacific Islands. Accordingly, PABITRA’s focus should be on long-term monitoring of traditional agricultural systems in order to define their structural and functional characteristics and the relationship between diversity and sustainability. Given the rapid rate of modernization, the documentation of traditional agricultural knowledge and resources is imperative as this knowledge is rapidly being lost.
Micronesica 40(1/2): 63-86, 2008.
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Manner 2008
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4_manner.pdf (241.11 KB)
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5. Lofdahl, K.L.. 2014. Molecular Genetic Research on Terrestrial Plants and Animals in Micronesia over the Previous 60 Years. Micronesica. 2014-05: 1-8. Date Revised/Accepted: 22 September 2014.
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Molecular Genetic Research on Terrestrial Plants and Animals in Micronesia over the Previous 60 Years

Lofdahl, K.L..

Early genetic studies in Micronesia focused on the use of protein electrophoresis to identify species and to measure genetic diversity within and among species. With the development of DNA sequencing techniques, many terrestrial species were discovered to be distinct from species on neighboring islands that share similar morphologies. With mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequencing, and also DNA profiling (microsatellites), a number of endemic and introduced species were found to have lost genetic variation upon colonization and even to have undergone subsequent genetic bottlenecks.  Other species were shown to have wide distributions maintained by considerable gene flow among islands.  DNA sequencing and microsatellite studies have also been important in ongoing research to determine the geographic origin of agricultural pests and vertebrate invasive species.  The ability to document the amount of genetic variation present in endangered species, keystone species, and invasive species offers important insights into the potential adaptability of these species to a changing environment. Considerable research opportunities exist for future population genetic studies, including the application of more advanced genetic methods, such as detection of natural polymorphisms, genome sequencing and gene expression studies.  Such investigations could be of considerable value in conservation planning, environmental management, and sustainable resource use in Micronesia through the identification of the genetic basis of specific environmental adaptations.
Micronesica 2014-05: 1-8, 2014.
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Lofdahl 2014
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lofdahll2014.pdf (170.72 KB)
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5. Littler, M.M. 1976. Calcification and its Role among the Macroalgae. Micronesica. 12 (1): 27-42. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Calcification and its Role among the Macroalgae

Littler, M.M.

Calcareous algae are important components of the limestone deposits of antiquity. Such deposits are often associated with petroleum reserves and, for this reason, calcareous algae have attracted attention from a broad spectrum of workers that includes geologists, phycologists and paleontologists. While nearly all have agreed that calcifying algae of modern depositional habitats are abundant, diverse and ecologically important, critical quantitative information is scarce and these organisms are in nearly every respect poorly known. Most of our knowledge of biological calcification comes from studies of bone and shell producing animals. Much of the present information on calcareous macroalgae concerns the location, appearance and degree of calcification, but the mechanisms and ultrastructural features are only beginning to be explored (see for examples Marszalek, 1971; Borowitzka, Larkum and Nockolds, 1974). Reasons for this lack of research are varied, but the naive presumption that calcium deposits in plants are fortuitous or by-products of photosynthesis and other metabolic reactions has contributed heavily.
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Micronesica 12 (1): 27-42, 1976.
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Littler 1976
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calcification_and_its_role_among_the_macroalgae_by_littler_m.m._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (1.29 MB)
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5. Nishimoto, R.T. & D.G.K. Kuamo'o . 1997. Recruitment of Goby Postlarvae into Hakalau Stream, Hawai'i Island. Micronesica. 30(1): 41-49. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Recruitment of Goby Postlarvae into Hakalau Stream, Hawai'i Island

Nishimoto, R.T. & D.G.K. Kuamo'o .

Native Hawaiian stream fishes are diadromous and re-enter streams as either clear, opaque or pigmented postlarvae after their oceanic larval phase. Recruiting postlarvae were sampled hourly over a 24-hour period for 19 consecutive months (December 1993 to June 1995) with a passive trap set at the stream mouth. Postlarvae of all native stream fish species were collected and the mean fish size at entry into Hakalau stream did not vary over the sample period. There were two size classes: hinana, Sicyopterus stimpsoni, 23.61 mm SL and ahina, Awaous guamensis, 15.95 mm SL, Lentipes concolor, 14.43 mm SL, Stenogobius hawaiiensis, 14.09 mm SL, Eleotris sandwicensis, 13.46 mm SL. L. concolor and S. stimpsoni recruited most heavily immediately after sunrise while S. hawaiiensis and E. sandwicensis were most common after dark and during the rising tide. A. guamensis occurred throughout the 24-hour period but with recruitment peaks around the high tides. Postlarval recruitment into streams was greatest after periods of heavy rainfall and subsequent freshets.
Micronesica 30(1): 41-49, 1997.
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Nishimoto1997
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5_-_nishimotoocr.pdf (423.86 KB)
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5. Fitzsimons, J.M. 2008. Long-term ecological research and field methods for stream use decisions among oceanic islands of the tropical Pacific. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 87-100. Date Revised/Accepted: 04 December 2007.
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Long-term ecological research and field methods for stream use decisions among oceanic islands of the tropical Pacific

Fitzsimons, J.M.

Long-term ecological research (LTER) is essential for management, restoration, and conservation of tropical island streams, and it is the foundation for five components identified as crucial to wise stream use decisions. Survey methods derived from the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect network (PABITRA) provide standardized procedures ensuring accuracy, uniformity, and completeness of comparative data on streams and aquatic animals. In the Hawaiian Islands, field data are permanently stored in a database maintained by the Hawai‘i Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR). A formal classi- fication of Hawaiian streams permits biological comparisons among streams similar in geomorphology. The Reference Condition Approach (RCA) determines conformity or deviation of a stream or site within a stream from certified reference conditions. The Instream Flow Council’s (IFC) purpose, goals, and philosophy provide a framework for deliberations regarding stream protection and instream flow programs. An Action Plan developed from LTER and PABITRA used in combination with the DAR Database, Stream Classification, RCA, and IFC components is more likely to be scientifically sound, justifiable, and acceptable at any spatial scale, ranging from a single study site on a stream to an entire ecosystem. Although most research on island stream animals has been conducted in Hawai‘i, the close evolutionary relationships of Hawaiian stream species with those on other high islands and the remarkable similarity in their ecology, behavior, and life cycles indicate that the discussions included herein are very likely relevant throughout the oceanic islands of the tropical Pacific.
Micronesica 40(1/2): 87-100, 2008.
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Fitzsimons 2008
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5_fitzsimons.pdf (1.46 MB)
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6. Kinzie, R.A. 2008. Four decades of macroalgal stasis and change on an urban coral reef. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 101-122. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 September 2007.
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Four decades of macroalgal stasis and change on an urban coral reef

Kinzie, R.A.

Cover and biomass estimates of the macroalgal assemblage on a coral reef off Waikīkī Beach, Hawai‘i were analyzed to determine changes through time. Biomass data spanned 39 years (1966–2005) while data for cover were taken from 1975 to 2005. Data for the 1975–2005 period were collected as part of a regularly scheduled class exercise. Mean biomass in 2005 was the same as in 1966, however during the 1980's biomass was substantially lower. Much of this decline in total algal biomass was due to the low biomass of Sargassum spp. during those years. In the 1960’s total biomass was essentially constant from the shore to 200m off shore, while in later years there was a decline in biomass with distance from shore. The invasive Rhodophyte, Gracilaria salicornia, was a major contributor to biomass starting in 1990. Even with this new dominant species, diversity, based on the 15 most common species, showed little change through time. Cover also remained consistent from 1975 to 2005 with macroalgae generally covering more than 50% of the bottom and living coral less than 5%. As with biomass, macroalgal cover declined with distance from shore. Student projects and class exercises can be used to generate valuable long-term data sets when appropriate quality control is maintained.
Micronesica 40(1/2): 101-122, 2008.
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Kinzie 2008
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6_kinzie.pdf (1.16 MB)
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6. Dahl, A.L. 1976. Generation of Photosynthetic Surface Area by Coral Reef Algae. Micronesica. 12 (1): 43-48. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Generation of Photosynthetic Surface Area by Coral Reef Algae

Dahl, A.L.

The quantification of surface area has proven to be a useful approach to the greater understanding of surface-mediated processes in complex ecosystems such as coral reefs (Dahl, 1973). For plants in particular, it is through surfaces that light is absorbed for photosynthesis and materials exchanged with the surrounding medium, whether gaseous or aquatic. Attachment also requires surface, and in highly productive and mature benthic ecosystems, the generation of substratum is an evolutionary strategy permitting an increase in organism density and diversity.
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Micronesica 12 (1): 43-48, 1976.
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Dahl 1976
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generation_of_photosynthetic_surface_area_by_coral_reef_algae_by_dahl_a.l._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (296.69 KB)
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6. Tate, D. C. 1997. The Role of Behavioral Interactions of Immature Hawaiian Stream Fishes (Pisces: Gobiodei) in Population Dispersal and Distribution. Micronesica. 30(1): 51-70. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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The Role of Behavioral Interactions of Immature Hawaiian Stream Fishes (Pisces: Gobiodei) in Population Dispersal and Distribution

Tate, D. C.

Behavioral and morphological observations on native Hawaiian freshwater fishes (Gobiodei), Eleotris sandwicensis, Stenogobius hawaiiensis, Awaous guamensis, Lentipes concolor, and Sicyopterus stimpsoni show the following diel recruitment patterns: L. concolor invaded streams mainly during the day with the wave surge; S.stimpsoni entered mostly during the day regardless of tidal conditions; A. guamensis were transported onshore day or night; S.hawaiiensis and E. sandwicensis entered streams by passive transport, the former by day, the latter at night.
E. sandwicensis and S.hawaiiensis larvae mature in the lowerstream reaches while L.concolor, S.stimpsoni, and A. guamensis usually move to upstream habitats. For these latter three fishes, onto genetic changes in behavior, including predator avoidance during recruitment and aggressive interactions between immature fishes farther upstream,act in sequence to produce the instream distribution typical of adults.
Schooling occurred in the estuary in S.stimpsoni and A. guamensis postlarvae; singles and pairs also migrated into streams. Postlarvae remained in schools through the estuary where they were vulnerable to predation by adult E. sandwicensis and Kuhlia sandvicensis. After climbing a waterfall that excluded most aquatic predators, A. guamensis and S. stimpsoni developed coloration displayed during aggressive contests. Immature S. stimpsoni that failed to develop bright colors lost agonistic encounters and usually fled upstream. Aggressive displays by postlarval A. guamensis usually displaced intruders. L.concolor moved quickly up-stream; they did not school but exhibited agonistic behavior toward con-specifics which promoted upstream dispersal.

Micronesica 30(1): 51-70, 1997.
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7. Tuiwawa, M., T. Osborne, K. Bio & F. Tuiwawa. 2008. Establishment of long-term vegetation monitoring plots in lowland and upland tropical rainforest, Fiji Islands. Micronesica. 40(1/2): 123-130. Date Revised/Accepted: 12 February 2008.
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Establishment of long-term vegetation monitoring plots in lowland and upland tropical rainforest, Fiji Islands

Tuiwawa, M., T. Osborne, K. Bio & F. Tuiwawa.

Long-Term Vegetation Monitoring Plots (LTVMP) provide vital information on the flora, vegetation ecology, ecosystem dynamics, climate change and anthropogenic impact on biodiversity. As part of the Pacific–Asia Biodiversity Transact (PABITRA) network, three long-term vegetation monitoring plots in lowland and upland tropical rain forest were established on the island of Viti Levu, Fiji Islands. The plots were established in the Wabu Forest Reserve and Sovi Basin, on the island of Viti Levu. Each monitoring plot consists of four 50m x 50m sub-plots. All trees greater than 10 cm in diameter at breast height were measured. The design of the LTVMPs and some of the ecological findings in the Wabu Forest Reserve are evaluated.
Micronesica 40(1/2): 123-130, 2008.
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7. Thorhaug, A. 1976. Tropical Macroalgae as Pollution Indicator Organisms. Micronesica. 12 (1): 49-66. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Tropical Macroalgae as Pollution Indicator Organisms

Thorhaug, A.

A great deal of emphasis has been placed on the role of phytoplankton as primary producers in marine biology. As our focus changes from oceanic to coastal processes, it becomes clear that benthic macrophytes emerge as dominant, if not predominant, in production of plant material. In two geographical regions is this particularly marked: the tropics and the very nearshore regions. Unfortunately, it is in these same regions that man's impact is rapidly occurring often resulting in irreversible destruction so that rapid and accurate information must be accumulated to control these impacts for optimum usage. Since a great portion of efforts in marine biology have been directed toward an understanding of the phytoplankton system, little data has been accumulated on the effect of various physical and chemical factors on macroalgae, especially tropical species.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 49-66, 1976.
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tropical_macroalgae_as_pollution_indicator_organisms_by_thorhaug_a._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (1.08 MB)
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7. Kido, M. H. 1997. Food Webs and Feeding Dynamics of Coexisting Native Hawaiian Stream Gobies. Micronesica. 30(1): 71-82. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Food Webs and Feeding Dynamics of Coexisting Native Hawaiian Stream Gobies

Kido, M. H.

The food webs of Awaous guamensis and Sicyopterus stimpsoni, two native gobies that commonly coexist in mountainous reaches ofHawaiian streams, were found to be comprised of reticulate connections between a relatively depauperate, but tightly linked, group of native andalien consumers highly dependent on algae. In these webs, the two gobies foraged as omnivores, individuals utilizing a variety of prey types simultaneously. Omnivory provided an adaptive solution for native gobies to cope with spatial and temporal fluctuations in resource abundance. Heterogeneity in resource abundance mediated by variation is stream flow coupled with limitations in the diversity of prey types were suggested as important factors shaping consumer/resource interactions. Nutritional subsidies from terrestrial habitat were weakly linked in the food chains of gobies primarily via two adventive caddisfly species which utilize detritus. Energy subsidies, however, may be important to native Hawaiian gobioids in certain habitat and during periods when resource abundance is low or altered by pertubation.
Micronesica 30(1): 71-82, 1997.
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8. Morrison, C. & A. Naikatini. 2008. Herpetofauna and bat monitoring at three Fiji sites in the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA). Micronesica. 40(1/2): 131-137. Date Revised/Accepted: 29 October 2007.
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Herpetofauna and bat monitoring at three Fiji sites in the Pacific-Asia Biodiversity Transect (PABITRA)

Morrison, C. & A. Naikatini.

Herpetofauna and bats are two important indicator taxa in Fiji’s forests. Herpetofauna (especially frogs) are good indicators of riparian forest health and the presence of introduced predator species while bats are excellent indicators of the forest tree diversity and general forest disturbance. Despite these important roles, prior to 2006 the monitoring of these two taxonomic groups had remained largely qualitative in Fiji PABITRA sites. The reasons for this were primarily due to very low abundances, making quantitative surveys largely cost and time-ineffective (reptiles) and the low survey effort (bats), resulting in incomplete baseline information. In total two frog species, eight reptiles and three bats have been found in three Fiji PABITRA sites on Viti Levu (Savura Reserve, Sovi Basin and Wabu Reserve). Sufficient information has now been collected to determine the optimal methods to begin quantitatively monitoring populations of these taxonomic groups in future surveys.
Micronesica 40(1/2): 131-137, 2008.
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8. Hadfield, M.G. 1976. Animal Associates on Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 12 (1): 67-68. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Animal Associates on Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks

Hadfield, M.G.

The organizers of the 1974, "International Symposium on Inda-Pacific Tropical Reef Biology," envisioned a comprehensive examination of problems relating to faunistics and floristics of coral reef communities. Special attention was to be directed toward summations of existing knowledge of the state of taxonomy of various groups. In connection with these reports was to be a series of symposia in which would be summarized biological information about major groups of reef associated organisms.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 67-68, 1976.
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symposium_-_animal_associates_on_coral_reefs-introductory_remarks_by_hadfeld_m.g._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (94.75 KB)
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8. Nelson, S.G., J. E. Parham, R. B. Tibbatts, F. A. Camacho, T. Leberer & B. D. Smith. 1997. Distributions and Microhabitats of the Amphidromous Gobies in Streams of Micronesia. Micronesica. 30(1): 83-91. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Distributions and Microhabitats of the Amphidromous Gobies in Streams of Micronesia

Nelson, S.G., J. E. Parham, R. B. Tibbatts, F. A. Camacho, T. Leberer & B. D. Smith.

Amphidromous gobies are prominent components of stream fish assemblages of the islands of Micronesia, yet most aspects of their biology are poorly known. The increased pace of development in many of the islands of the tropical Pacific has resulted in an increased threat to the fauna of their inland, aquatic habitats and an urgent need for ecological information on these fishes. We used visual surveys to compare the instream distributions, microhabitat use, and densities of stream gobies from two islands within the geographic area of Micronesia in relation to various physical and biotic factors. The species composition of the goby assemblages changes with stream elevation, most abruptly at waterfalls, and between islands. Abrupt changes in the stream fish communities occur at major waterfalls. Waterfalls can be effective barriers to upstream migration for the gobies that are not adapted to climbing, such as those of the genus Stenogobius. However, even large waterfalls can be climbed by species in the genera Stiphodon, Sicyopus, Sicyopterus, Awaous, and Redigobius. Percent canopy cover and substrate type are other determinants of the distributions and densities of these tropical stream gobies.
Micronesica 30(1): 83-91, 1997.
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9. Newman, W.A., P.A. Jumars, & A. Ross. 1976. Diversity Trends in Coral-Inhabiting Barnacles (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatinae). Micronesica. 12 (1): 69-82. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Diversity Trends in Coral-Inhabiting Barnacles (Cirripedia, Pyrgomatinae)

Newman, W.A., P.A. Jumars, & A. Ross.

A recent revision of the coral-inhabiting barnacles of the subfamily Pygromatinae (Ross and Newman, 1973) covers various aspects of the biogeography, growth and form, and host specificity, as well as systematics and evolution, and thereby affords an up-to-date source for analyses of diversity trends in the group.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 69-82, 1976.
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diversity_trends_in_coral-inhabiting_barnacles_cirripedia_pyrgomatinae_by_newman_w.a._p.a._jumars_a._ross_-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (933.65 KB)
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9. Schoenfuss, H. L., T. A. Blanchard & D. G. K. Kuamo'o. 1997. Metamorphosis in the Cranium of Postlarval Sicyopterus stimpsoni, an Endemic Hawaiian Stream Goby. Micronesica. 30(1): 93-104. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Metamorphosis in the Cranium of Postlarval Sicyopterus stimpsoni, an Endemic Hawaiian Stream Goby

Schoenfuss, H. L., T. A. Blanchard & D. G. K. Kuamo'o.

The endemic goby Sicyopterus stimpsoni is unique among the five species of Hawaiian freshwater fishes because it undergoes a rapid metamorphosis of its cranial structures during postlarval development. These fish are amphidromous and return after a prolonged stay in the ocean to Hawaiian streams where they are confined to estuaries until completion of cranial restructuring. Within 48 hours after entering fresh water, snout length, as well as head height and width increase greatly while total length and head length remain unchanged. The upper lip enlarges greatly, and the mouth position shifts from terminal to nearly ventral. After completion of metamorphosis S. stimpsoni is able to climb waterfalls by alternating use of the pelvic sucking-disk and the mouth, with which it also is able to scrape diatoms from the surface of rocks by rapid rostrocaudal movement of the upper-jaw complex. Macroscopic and microscopic anatomical evidence, as well as observations of live fish, confirm the dynamics and extent of the metamorphosis. Non-linear, highly dynamic cranial development with extensive reallocation of cranial function has not been described previously for fishes, and its study provides a vehicle for a better understanding of ontogenetic development in vertebrates.
Micronesica 30(1): 93-104, 1997.
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10. Font, W. F. 1997. Improbable Colonists: Helminth Parasites of Freshwater Fishes on an Oceanic Island. Micronesica. 30(1): 105-115. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Improbable Colonists: Helminth Parasites of Freshwater Fishes on an Oceanic Island

Font, W. F.

Eleven species of helminth parasites were found in 5 species of native gobioid and 4 species of introduced poeciliid stream fishes from 29 aquatic habitats on the islands of Hawai'i, O'ahu, and Kaua'i in the Hawaiian archipelago. Mechanisms by which these parasites originally colonized Hawai'i, either naturally or by means of human activities, were investigated. Two sources of native, or naturally occurring parasites, were identified: marine fishes and migratory piscivorous birds. Four native species, of which the roundworm Spirocamallanus istiblenni was the most numerous, originated in marine fishes. An additional 3 parasites used migratory piscivorous birds as final hosts and fishes as intermediate hosts. The remaining 4 species of parasites were introduced into Hawai'i by man. Three of these species of helminths, a roundworm Camallanus cotti, a tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, and a leech Myzobdella lugubris, introduced when exotic poeciliid fishes were brought to the archipelago, were the most widespread and abundant helminths parasitizing stream fishes. Biological characteristics that enhance the probability of colonization of oceanic islands by parasites include: broad host specificity, the utilization of vagile final hosts, and the use of common and ubiquitous intermediate hosts. The colonization potential of both allogenic and autogenic parasites of freshwater fishes on oceanic islands is compared with results of previous studies of allogenic and autogenic colonists of continental islands.
Micronesica 30(1): 105-115, 1997.
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10. Bruce, A.J. 1976. Coral Reef Caridea and "Commensalism". Micronesica. 12 (1): 83-98. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Coral Reef Caridea and "Commensalism"

Bruce, A.J.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a general review of what is presently known about the "commensal" caridean shrimps found in the coral reef biotope. The information is based largely upon the available literature and studies carried out in the western Indian Ocean, but the findings in this region probably apply extensively to the rest of the Indo-West Pacific region and also, to a lesser extent, to coral reef regions of the Eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 83-98, 1976.
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coral_reef_caridea_and_commensalism_by_bruce_a.j._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (1.16 MB)
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11. Fitzsimons, J. M., H. L. Schoenfuss, T. C. Schoenfuss. 1997. Significance of Unimpeded Flows in Limiting the Transmission of Parasites from Exotics to Hawaiian Stream Fishes. Micronesica. 30(1): 117-125. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Significance of Unimpeded Flows in Limiting the Transmission of Parasites from Exotics to Hawaiian Stream Fishes

Fitzsimons, J. M., H. L. Schoenfuss, T. C. Schoenfuss.

Streams with a full complement of native amphidromous fishes and macroinvertebrates are common features on windward slopes of four of the five major high islands comprising the southeastern section of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Strong perennial flows and flash floods produced by mountain storms flush away accumulations of debris and sediments, terminate algal blooms, and open up streams where they flow into the sea. Each of these effects is beneficial for the five indigenous fish species, limited to gobioids, which lay their eggs in fresh water and have a lengthy marine larval phase before migrating back into streams where they mature. A fortuitous advantage of the dynamic nature of Hawaiian streams is the elimination or control of introduced fishes (especially poeciliids) carrying helminth parasites capable of becoming pathogenic in native fishes. Results of experiments with artificial streams support the hypothesis that Hawaiian freshwater gobioid fishes are able to move from the ocean into streams as larvae and can occupy discrete sections of streams as adults at water velocities that displace exotics. A basal flow of 20 cm/second or greater at the stream mouth is recommended for stream maintenance and restoration.
Micronesica 30(1): 117-125, 1997.
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11. Yamaguchi, M. 1973. Symposium on the Biology and Ecology of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.): Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 9 (2): 163-164. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Symposium on the Biology and Ecology of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish, Acanthaster planci (L.): Introductory Remarks

Yamaguchi, M.

Since the Australian people first noticed the infestation of coral reefs by Acanthaster in the early sixties, the Queensland Government established a research team to investigate the extent of the problem, beginning in 1966. Mr. R. Pearson and Dr. R. Endean initiated basic surveys and studies on the problem on the Great Barrier Reef. At a similar time when the Australian workers were engaged in the preliminary studies, an infestation of the reefs around Guam was noticed in 1967. After the recognition of the infestation by participating members at the IBP meeting held on Palau and Guam in 1968, Dr. R. Chesher reported the severe damages of the reefs of Guam and called attention to a supposed expansion of Acanthaster infestations in the Pacific coral reefs. In the summer of 1969, Westinghouse survey teams made intensive surveys in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 9 (2): 163-164, 1973.
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introductory_remarks-micronesica_vol._9_no.2_dec._1973o.pdf (713.52 KB)
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11. Dorst, J. 1969. Rapport sur la Conservation de la Nature aux iles Galapagos Etabli pour le IBP/CT. Micronesica. 5 (2): 271-273. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.
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Rapport sur la Conservation de la Nature aux iles Galapagos Etabli pour le IBP/CT

Dorst, J.

Des sa creation en 1959, la Fondation Charles Darwin a eu pour objectif principal l'etude des mesures les plus appropriees a la sauvegarde des especes gravement menacees des Galapagos et des habitats qui leur sont necessaires. Aux termes du contrat signe entre le gouvernement de la Republique d'Ecuador et la fondation, celle-ci a l'obligation de fournir des donnees sur le statut des especes menacees et de suggerer les mesures legislatives a prendre pour leur preservation. De plus, avec l'appui des autorites interessees, le personnel de la Station a pris luimeme des mesures de conservation notamment dans le domaine de la delimitation des reserves et dans l'eradication des animaux domestiques introduits. Nos efforts ont produit d'heureux effets dans plusieurs domaines. Dans l'ensemble et sans entrer dans le detail, la situation s'est considerablement amelioree aux Galapagos. Les resultats obtenus se rangent en plusieurs categories.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 5 (2): 271-273, 1969.
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11. Castro, J.S. 1976. Brachyuran Crabs Symbiotic with Scleractinian Corals: A Review of their Biology. Micronesica. 12 (1): 99-110. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1975.
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Brachyuran Crabs Symbiotic with Scleractinian Corals: A Review of their Biology

Castro, J.S.

The brachyuran crabs constitute one of the most diverse components of coral reef communities. Serene (1972) has estimated that more than 500 of approximately 2,000 species of Indo-West Pacific brachyurans are inhabitants of coral reefs. Many of these species are associated in one way or another with scleractinian corals. Some of these are found living on dead coral or coral rubble while others arc facultative or obligate associates of living coral.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 99-110, 1976.
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brachyuran_crabs_symbiotic_with_coral_communities_by_castro_p._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (2.25 MB)
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12. Clark, A.M. 1976. Tropical Epizoic Echinoderms and their Distribution. Micronesica. 12 (1): 111-118. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Tropical Epizoic Echinoderms and their Distribution

Clark, A.M.

Although the newly metamorphosed young of many species of echinoderms are frequently epizoic transitorily on larger sessile or sedentary animals, it is only among the comatulid crinoids and the ophiuroids that a significant number of species, particularly suspension feeders, extend such associations throughout their lives. Where crinoids are concerned, the choice of perch for rheophilic (current-loving) species is limited by purely physical factors and it may be either animate or inanimate but for some ophiuroids an animate host is clearly preferred and the association is to some extent obligatory and can be termed commensal (or, in the case of Ophiomaza, even parasitic). It is noticeable that whereas the relict fauna of recent crinoids shows very limited adaptations to special circumstances, the apparently more plastic ophiuroids have evolved several unusual modifications correlated to some extent at least with the epizoic habit
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 111-118, 1976.
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12. Marsh, Jr. J.A. & R.T. Tsuda. 1973. Population Levels of Acanthaster planci in the Mariana and Caroline Islands, 1969-1972. Micronesica. 9 (2): 165-166. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Population Levels of Acanthaster planci in the Mariana and Caroline Islands, 1969-1972

Marsh, Jr. J.A. & R.T. Tsuda.

The presence of large numbers of the crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, and its devastating effect on live coral reefs around some Micronesian islands was first documented by a large-scale survey conducted in July and August, 1969. Eight of the 17 islands surveyed at that time had large populations or aggregations of starfish which were causing extensive reef damage. During the period from June, 1970, to May 1972, second surveys were made of Guam and 13 of the 16 Trust Territory islands originally surveyed in 1969. Four of these islands (Guam, Palau, Truk , and Ponape) still had large populations of Acanthaster. Third surveys, approximately a year after the second surveys, indicated the continued presence of large numbers of starfish on two (Truk and Ponape) of the seven islands visited. New surveys in 1971 on a small high island (Aguijan) in the Marianas and eight small atolls in the Carolines revealed significant numbers of starfish and extensive coral damage only on Aguijan; these starfish disappeared a year later. There was a definite overall decline in Acanthaster planci populations from 1969 to 1972. There were no new outbreaks except for the case of Aguijan cited above. We attribute the decrease in starfish numbers partly to control efforts. As of May, 1972, Acanthaster posed no serious additional threat to the reefs of the Mariana and Caroline Islands.
Micronesica 9 (2): 165-166, 1973.
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12. Schreiner, I. H. 1997. Demography and Recruitment of Selected Trees in the Limestone Forest of Guam in Relation to Introduced Ungulates. Micronesica. 30(1): 169-181. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Demography and Recruitment of Selected Trees in the Limestone Forest of Guam in Relation to Introduced Ungulates

Schreiner, I. H.

The island of Guam had no ungulates until after European contact, when several species such as deer and pigs were introduced. Both deer and feral pigs have become numerous within the forests of Guam, and may be damaging the forest through over-browsing and rooting. This study was initiated to determine whether introduced ungulates might be affecting recruitment of several species of native trees.
The study showed that, within the Northern Guam area, high populations of deer were largely confined to the Air Force Base, but feral pigs were abundant at almost all study sites.
Four tree species were studied. Tristiropsis obtusangula Radlk. (faia) did not appear to be affected by ungulates. Young trees and seedlings were common at all sites and little evidence of deer browsing was seen on seedlings monitored for several years. Very few young trees of Eleaocarpus joga Merr. (yoga) were found at any of the sites sampled. Only four seedlings were found, of which two were browsed and one disappeared within two years. For Macaranga thompsonii Merr. (pengua), young trees tended to be sparse where deer were abundant. Seedlings suffered high mortality from browsing in a location where deer were abundant, but little evidence of browsing was seen on seedlings in an area with low deer density. In a location with high deer density, uncaged Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Ktze. (ifit) seedlings suffered high mortality. However, small trees were common in at least one site where deer are currently numerous. Little sign of browsing was seen when seedlings were grown in a location where deer sign were not observed.
Micronesica 30(1): 169-181, 1997.
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12. Perry, R. 1969. Conservation Problems in the Galapagos Islands. Micronesica. 5 (2): 275-281. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.
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Conservation Problems in the Galapagos Islands

Perry, R.

This report is submitted to draw attention to the mounting need in the Galapagos Islands for further measures to preserve the indigenous wildlife and its environment. Suggestions are made for the establishment of a series of Reserve Areas where protection could be enforced and where the disastrous effects of human intrusion can still be prevented.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 5 (2): 275-281, 1969.
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conservation_problems_in_the_galapagos_islands_-_micronesica_vol.5_no.2_dec._1969_o.pdf (448.76 KB)
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13. Kevan, D.K.M., V.R. Vickery & M.L. English. 1997. Acridoidea and Related Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) of Micronesia. Micronesica. 30(1): 127-168. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Acridoidea and Related Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) of Micronesia

Kevan, D.K.M., V.R. Vickery & M.L. English.

The species of grasshoppers of the superfamilies Acridoidea, Tetrigoidea, and Tridactyloidea of Micronesia are discussed with complete data on Micronesian distribution. Two new species of Tetrigidae, Carolinotettix palauensis and Hydrotettix carolinensis, are described.
Micronesica 30(1): 127-168, 1997.
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Kevan1997
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13_-_kevanocr.pdf (2.2 MB)
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13. Wass, R.C. 1973. Acanthaster Population Levels and Control Efforts on Ponape, Eastern Caroline Islands. Micronesica. 9 (2): 167-170. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Acanthaster Population Levels and Control Efforts on Ponape, Eastern Caroline Islands

Wass, R.C.

In 1969, a survey of 16 islands in the U.S. Trust Territory revealed large populations of the coral-eating starfish, Acanthaster planci, in certain locations around Ponape. A control team was formed a year later in an attempt to reduce the numbers of these starfish. Surveys conducted in 1971 and 1972, however, continued to indicate the presence of large numbers of Acanthaster though almost 70,000 were reported killed by the control team. In 1973, when 99,368 starfish were reported killed, the survey did show a reduced population level. During the 14-month period preceding this survey, the average number of starfish killed per diver-hour in the water also decreased significantly. The population decline did not occur everywhere around Ponape. Rather, reductions were limited to those areas where Acanthaster had previously been most abundant and where the greatest control efforts had been exerted.
Micronesica 9 (2): 167-170, 1973.
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Wass 1973
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acanthaster_population_levels_and_control_efforts_on_ponape_eastern_caroline_islands-micronesica_vol._9_no.2_dec._1973o.pdf (1.24 MB)
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13. Doty, M.S., F.R. Fosberg, & D. Mueller-Dombois. 1969. Initial Site Studies for the International Program in the Tropical and Far Western Pacific. Micronesica. 5 (2): 283-293. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.
ABSTRACT
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Initial Site Studies for the International Program in the Tropical and Far Western Pacific

Doty, M.S., F.R. Fosberg, & D. Mueller-Dombois.

The International Biological Program (=IBP) is embarking on comparative studies of the nature and functions of the major ecosystems in the world. The United States has formed a National Committee operating in the National Academy of Sciences to coordinate funding of participation of its citizens in the IBP.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 5 (2): 283-293, 1969.
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Doty, Fosberg, & Mueller-Dombois 1969
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initial_site_studies_for_the_international_bilogical_program_in_the_tropical_far_western_pacific-micronesica_vol.5_no.2_dec._1969_o.pdf (787.08 KB)
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14. Hadfield, M.G. 1976. Molluscs Associated with Living Tropical Corals. Micronesica. 12 (1): 133-148. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Molluscs Associated with Living Tropical Corals

Hadfield, M.G.

Of the many thousands of molluscan species which are restricted in their distributions to shallow-water, tropical habitats, few can be shown to have a direct or obligatory association with living corals. For the remainder, a coral reef provides a major type of habitat in which the molluscs are living lives comparable to those of molluscs on temperate shores: they are detritivores, herbivores and carnivores, microphagous or macrophagous, whose life cycles are adapted to the temperatures and food webs of tropical reef ecosystems. In this paper I wish to discuss species with direct and obligatory associations with living corals. The purpose of such a survey is to assess the types of interactions which occur between corals and molluscs, to indicate where knowledge is scant, and to recommend directions for future research.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 133-148, 1976.
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Hadfield 1976
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molluscs_associated_with_living_tropical_corals_by_hadfield_m.g._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (5.42 MB)
5.42 MB
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14. Cheney, D.P. 1973. An Analysis of the Acanthaster Control Programs in Guam and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Micronesica. 9 (2): 171-180. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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An Analysis of the Acanthaster Control Programs in Guam and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

Cheney, D.P.

The crown-of-thorns starfish, Acanthaster planci, has been subjected to extensive control programs in Micronesia in an effort to decrease population densities and to reduce probable reef destruction. The kill data from these programs were compiled for the years 1970 through 1972 and summarized and analyzed for important variable components. Detailed analyses were possible only for Ponape, Truk, and Guam. Generally, within an island group, the total number of starfish killed or seen declined following an extended period of starfish control; however, the kill per unit of effort (man-hour in water) remained relatively stable, ranging from 4 in Palau to 18 in Ponape. The total kill per unit of effort (effort based on total man-hours worked) ranged from 1.4 in Palau to 5.2 in Truk . The areal and time patterns of control activities are discussed in relation to the monitoring programs and show with few exceptions good correlation between the results of the control program and the predictions and recommendations of the survey teams. Recommendations are made concerning the influence of certain variables and data keeping procedures in determinating the effectiveness of control programs.
Micronesica 9 (2): 171-180, 1973.
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Cheney 1973
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analysis_of_the_acanthaster_control_programs_in_guam_and_the_trust_territory_of_the_pacific_islands-micronesica_vol._9_no.2_dec._1973o.pdf (3.56 MB)
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14. Lusk, M.R. & E. Taisacan. 1997. Description of a Bridled White-eye Nest from Rota, Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 30(1): 183-185. Date Revised/Accepted: 21 October 1996.
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Description of a Bridled White-eye Nest from Rota, Mariana Islands

Lusk, M.R. & E. Taisacan.

The nest of a Rota Bridled White-eye was discovered on 9 June 1993 in the Applatatgua region of Rota. The nest tree was a Hernandia labyrinthica in well-developed limestone forest. The nest's exterior measured 70 by 50 mm, and the interior 50 by 30 mm. The nest was constructed of what were probably fibers from Pandanus tectorius and rootlets of Asplenium nidus. The exterior of the nest was covered with an unidentified moss. The nest was probably unfinished.
Micronesica 30(1): 183-185, 1997.
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14_-_luskocr.pdf (152.32 KB)
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14. Numata, M. 1969. Ecological Background and Conservation of Japanese Islands. Micronesica. 5 (2): 295-302. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.
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Ecological Background and Conservation of Japanese Islands

Numata, M.

Japan is really an insular country which consists of four main islands-Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu-and many other small islands. Among these, Honshu is the seventh largest in the world, but it is not usually called an island. The four main islands are called the mainlands of Japan because of their great difference in size from Shikoku and Sado Is. as shown in Table 1. An island is geographically defined as an area of relatively small land mass surrounded by water contrasting with mainlands (continents or main islands).
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 5 (2): 295-302, 1969.
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Numata 1969
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15. Eldredge, L.G. 1976. The Need for Faunistic Information on Pacific Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 12 (1): 149-150. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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The Need for Faunistic Information on Pacific Coral Reefs: Introductory Remarks

Eldredge, L.G.

In conjunction with the International Symposium on Indo-Pacific Tropical Reef Biology, a series of reports were planned to be presented which summarized the status of knowledge of certain Indo-Pacific animals. The prime objective of the Colloquium was to begin a dialogue on how to better compile information on coral reefs. The information was to be presented by specialists familiar with individual animal groups. Unfortunately, because of financial restrictions, not all those originally scheduled to present papers were able to attend. However, eleven papers were presented and eight are published herein. At least one additional is to be published elsewhere. Two which were presented have been collated here as one.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 149-150, 1976.
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Eldredge 1976
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colloquium_-_the_need_for_faunistic_information_on_pacific_coral_reefs_by_eldredge_l.g._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (370.16 KB)
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15. Soegiarto, A. 1973. Status of Acanthaster planci in Indonesian Waters. Micronesica. 9 (2): 181-182. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Status of Acanthaster planci in Indonesian Waters

Soegiarto, A.

During the height of the Acanthaster scare, a few limited surveys were carried out on some Indonesian coral reefs. The recorded number of individuals was from 4 to 13 along a ten-meter line. In January of 1973 an additional survey was carried out on some reefs around Ambon Island. A rather large number of small juveniles was observed, but not at a dangerous level. It is believed that destruction of reef environment due to man activities, such as picking up coral heads for construction in some of the heavily populated islands in Indonesia, is more serious than damage caused by Acanthaster planci.
Micronesica 9 (2): 181-182, 1973.
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Soegiarto 1973
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status_of_acanthaster_planci_in_indonesian_waters-micronesica_vol._9_no.2_dec._1973o.pdf (228.76 KB)
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15. Clouse, R.M. 1997. End-Plate Spicules in Bohadschia marmorata (Jaeger) (Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae). Micronesica. 30(1): 187-192. Date Revised/Accepted: 11 November 1996.
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End-Plate Spicules in Bohadschia marmorata (Jaeger) (Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae)

Clouse, R.M.

End-plate spicules from the tube feet of the sea cucumber Bohadschia marmorata are described. These spicules may be confused with large plate-like spicules in the body wall, which are not supposed to be in this genus. End-plate spicules are generally considered of no taxonomic value, but they are conspicuously missing from specimens originally described as Holothuria bivittata and currently placed in synonomy with B. marmorata. Considering the taxonomic problems with Bohadschia, and the type species, B. marmorata, it may be useful to use endplate spicules in future Holothurian taxonomic work.
Micronesica 30(1): 187-192, 1997.
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Clouse1997
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15_-_clouseocr.pdf (255.98 KB)
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15. Owen, R.P. 1969. The Status of Conservation in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Micronesica. 5 (2): 303-306. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.
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The Status of Conservation in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

Owen, R.P.

Conservation was practiced in Micronesia thousands of years before the advent of European and Oriental contact. The native people by necessity lived close to nature and knew the plants and animals of their environment exceedingly well. Their knowledge of life histories, mating seasons, habitat requirements, and other basic knowledge of the plants and animals enabled them to regulate their harvest and use of wild plants and animals on a sustained yield basis. Chiefly decrees, clan and island taboos and other means of control were apparently effective. The taking of turtles, turtle eggs, incubator bird eggs, sea bird eggs, and dugongs were so regulated. The necessity to have island sancturies for certain birds and turtles were also recognized and such sanctuaries did exist. Some of the old conservation practices of long ago still persist in parts of the Trust Territory, but the impact of cultural changes is gradually breaking down the old chief and clan systems and the conservation practices which were a part of the old system.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 5 (2): 303-306, 1969.
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Owen 1969
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the_status_of_conservation_in_the_trust_territory_of_the_pacific_islands-micronesica_vol.5_no.2_dec._1969_o.pdf (262.18 KB)
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16. Randall, R.H. 1976. Some Problems in Reef Coral Taxonomy. Micronesica. 12 (1): 151-156. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Some Problems in Reef Coral Taxonomy

Randall, R.H.

This paper is a brief presentation about some of the current problems in reef coral (hermatypic) taxonomy in relation to the role of the taxonomist and how well that role is being fulfilled. In a broad sense, a taxonomist organizes the tremendous diversity of life into an ordered arrangement of related forms. At the first level of organization the life forms are arranged into basic groups, each of which possesses a more or less common set of affinities. At the next level these basic groups are related to other basic groups which together have a broader range of common affinities. This grouping into higher hierarchial organization levels continues until the range of affinities are all encompassing of life itself. Taxonomists work directly in two dimensions of time-the present and the past. They not only organize the living forms, but also those forms which lived in the past by grouping the evidence, which by chance, has been preserved in the crust and sediments of the earth.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 151-156, 1976.
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Randall 1976
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some_problems_in_reef_coral_taxonomy_by_randall_r.h._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (3.68 MB)
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16. Nishihira, M. & K. Yamazato. 1973. Observations of Acanthaster Population around Sesoko Island, Okinawa. Micronesica. 9 (2): 183-184. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Observations of Acanthaster Population around Sesoko Island, Okinawa

Nishihira, M. & K. Yamazato.

The second abnormally high concentration of Acanthaster population was observed in the mid-western coast of Okinawa in 1969. Although the high-density area extended northwards, the concentration is still observable in roughly the same part of the island. Some parts of the coral reefs attacked are presently almost free from living corals. Observations on the ecological distribution, density, size distribution, etc ., of an Acanthaster population was carried out in April and May 1972 around Sesoko Island, located 500 m away from Okinawa Island. The change in the population one year after that will be reported with a note on the change observed in the devastated area. Some aspects of the biology of Acanthaster will also be reported.
Micronesica 9 (2): 183-184, 1973.
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Nishihira & Yamazato 1973
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observation_of_acanthaster_population_around_sesoko_island_okinawa-micronesica_vol._9_no.2_dec._1973o.pdf (246.31 KB)
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16. Salleh, A. & P. Milow. 1997. Notes on Printzina bossei (de Wildeman) Thompson et Wujek (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from Malaysia. Micronesica. 30(1): 193-198. Date Revised/Accepted: 06 November 1996.
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Notes on Printzina bossei (de Wildeman) Thompson et Wujek (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from Malaysia

Salleh, A. & P. Milow.

Micronesica 30(1): 193-198, 1997.
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16_-_sallehocr.pdf (288.09 KB)
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16. Yonge, C.M. 1969. Conservation of Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 5 (2): 307-310. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.
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Conservation of Coral Reefs

Yonge, C.M.

The effect of man on the terrestrial fauna and flora of oceanic islands and particularly on coral atolls with their initially very restricted terrestrial life has frequently been devastating. Less is known about the effects on submarine life, particularly on the hermatypic animals and plants responsible for the formation and maintenance of coral reefs. But, as biological agents often directly responsible for the creation of land masses and for their continued existence, they are fundamentally important. It is true to say that the continued maintenance of such land areas depends on the activities of the excessively thin covering of living matter which is responsible, with, in the scleractinian corals, the highly significant aid of symbiotic plant cells (zooxanthellae), for the secretion of the reef framework. If this thin covering of living matter is extensively damaged, calcification must cease and the reef framework begin to disintegrate under the combined erosive action of physical and biological agents.
(This is the first paragaph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 5 (2): 307-310, 1969.
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Yonge 1969
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conservation_of_coral_reefs-micronesica_vol.5_no.2_dec._1969_o.pdf (246.09 KB)
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17. Soule, D.F & J.D. Soule. 1976. The Status of Faunistic Information on Tropical Reef Bryozoans. Micronesica. 12 (1): 157-164. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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The Status of Faunistic Information on Tropical Reef Bryozoans

Soule, D.F & J.D. Soule.

The status of faunistic information concerning tropical reef bryozoans dwells at a very low level, virtually at alpha taxonomy, at the present time. Unless changes can occur in diversifying the approach and in supporting field studies, there is little likelihood that the situation will improve. Yet bryozoans play several important roles in at least some of the tropical reefs.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 157-164, 1976.
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Soule 1976
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status_of_faunistic_information_of_tropical_reef_bryozoans_by_soule_d.f._j.d._soule_-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (2.84 MB)
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17. Yamazato, K. & T. Kiyan. 1974. Reproduction of Acanthaster planci in Okinawa. Micronesica. 9 (2): 185-196. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Reproduction of Acanthaster planci in Okinawa

Yamazato, K. & T. Kiyan.

Reproduction of Acanthaster planci (L.) was studied using samples collected in Okinawa once or twice a month from February 8 to December 12, 1970. Mean gonad index (gonad weight per cent of body weight) increases steadily from February to early June, then declines rapidly from late June to early August. It remains at low levels from early August to early December or possibly to January except October when there is a secondary peak. Along with this change, there are parallel changes in the mean values and frequency distribution patterns of the size of egg cells and in the relative abundance of mature eggs. These and other evidences lead to a conclusion that in Okinawa A. planci breeds mainly during June and July and possibly during October. Nevertheless, the gonads contain mature eggs during other months, except December, though at very low ratios. It is not certain whether actual breeding takes place throughout the year.
Micronesica 9 (2): 185-196, 1974.
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Yamazato & Kiyan 1973
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reproduction_of_acanthaster_planci_in_okinawa-micronesica_vol._9_no.2_dec._1973o.pdf (4.37 MB)
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17. Randall, J.E. 1997. The hawkfish Cirrhitichthys serratus Randall, a junior synonym of C.falco Randall. Micronesica. 30(1): 199-203. Date Revised/Accepted: 14 November 1996.
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The hawkfish Cirrhitichthys serratus Randall, a junior synonym of C.falco Randall

Randall, J.E.

The cirrhitid fish Cirrhitichthys serratus Randall (1963) was described from 11 specimens collected from a drydock in Pearl Harbor, Oahu that was hauled from Guam a year earlier. It was distinguished from the apparently larger C. falco Randall, described from Mindanao, by slight difference in color, more convex profile of the nape, and higher average number oflateral-line scales. No additional specimens of C. serratus have been collected in the Hawaiian Islands or Guam, but new material of C. falco the same size as C. serratus eliminated the color and head-shape differences. Although the number of lateral-line scales remains higher for specimens from the Mariana Islands, C. serratus is referred to the synonymy of C. falco.
Micronesica 30(1): 199-203, 1997.
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17-_randallocr.pdf (249.79 KB)
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17. Kawaguti, S. 1969. The Coral Reef of Kikaijima, One of the Amami Islands, and the Problem of its Conservation. Micronesica. 5 (2): 311-312. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.
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The Coral Reef of Kikaijima, One of the Amami Islands, and the Problem of its Conservation

Kawaguti, S.

Kikaijima is a small coral island of about 60 sq.km., situated at about 28°20'N and 130°E. The main portion of the island is composed of raised limestone, fringed by raised reefs and recent reefs.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 5 (2): 311-312, 1969.
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coral_reef_of_kikaijima_one_of_the_amami_islands_and_the_problem_of_its_conservation-micronesica_vol.5_no.2_dec._1969_o.pdf (58.83 KB)
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18. Fauchald, K. 1976. A Review of the Need for Work on Polychaete Systematics on Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 12 (1): 165-168. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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A Review of the Need for Work on Polychaete Systematics on Indo-Pacific Coral Reefs

Fauchald, K.

The following quote from Ekman (1953: 13) encasulates the common opinion of polychaetes as biogeographical indicators:
"The polychaetes, which are to a large extent cosmopolitan and therefore do no throw much light on regional zoogeography, also show the boundaries between the West and East Pacific, which is a good indication of the effectiveness of this boundary."
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 165-168, 1976.
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Fauchald 1976
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a_review_of_the_need_for_work_on_polychaete_systematics_on_indo-pacific_coral_reefs_by_fauchald_k._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (3 MB)
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18. Lucas, J.S. 1973. Reproductive and Larval Biology of Acanthaster planci (L.) in Great Barrier Reef Waters. Micronesica. 9 (2): 197-204. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Reproductive and Larval Biology of Acanthaster planci (L.) in Great Barrier Reef Waters

Lucas, J.S.

A small dispersed population of Acanthaster planci on Lodestone Reef was regularly sampled from June 1972 to April 1973. There was a progressive increase in gonad index from mid-winter (June) to mid-summer (December) and then a rapid decline to a low level in late January. These changes were similar in magnitude and timing to those in aggregated populations of A . planci in Great Barrier Reef waters.

Mean oocyte diameter and abundance of spermatozoa varied with gonad index. Oogenesis was very rapid in November and December, and ovaries contained a single mode of mature oocytes in December. Oocytes and spermatozoa were shed during the short breeding season in mid-summer when water temperature was about 28°C and optimal for larval survival. There was no evidence of shedding at any other time, although at least a small proportion of starfish in all samples had some mature gametes.

Larvae were reared from hatching at five temperatures-24, 26, 28, 30, and 32°C, and at three salinities-30, 32.5, and 35%. Survival at day 8 was highest in the lowest salinity and at the medial temperature, 28°C. No larvae developed to brachiolaria at 24 or 32°C. Larval development and metamorphosis were completed at 28°C in a minimum of 17 days. Development was completed at 26%, but not at 22% salinity. Larval temperature requirements may limit the southern distribution of A . planci and the salinity responses of larvae will be important in northern Great Barrier Reef waters.
Micronesica 9 (2): 197-204, 1973.
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reproductive_and_larval_biology_of_acanthaster_planci_l._in_great_barrier_reef_waters.-micronesica_vol._9_no.2_dec._1973o.pdf (2.81 MB)
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18. Kawaguti, S. 1969. Effect of the Green Fluorescent Pigment on the Productivity of the Reef Corals. Micronesica. 5 (2): 313-313. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.
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Effect of the Green Fluorescent Pigment on the Productivity of the Reef Corals

Kawaguti, S.

Already in the last century, several scholars noted the green coloration of reef corals. But the fluorescent properties of the green pigment were first observed about thirty years ago at Palau. The pigment seems to be functional as a filter for strong irradiations under transparent tropical sea water.

The green fluorescent pigment is found only in the ectodermal cells. It is most brilliant when the coral polyps are fully expanded and when they are exposed to bright sunshine. Under an electron microscope the pigment appears as various distributions of dense spherical bodies of 0.2 μ or less in diameter. It is easily dissolved in distilled water.

The pigment solution is green in reflected light but pink in transmitted light. Its absorption spectrum shows a strong absorption in the ultraviolet region with a sharp maximum at 330 mμ. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the pigment emits green light (ranging 450-510 mμ) when it is activated by light of 380 mμ. The same phenomenon is observed also in the intact green coral.

This fact suggests that the harmful ultraviolet light is converted into light useful for the photosynthesis of zooxanthellae in the endoderm.
Micronesica 5 (2): 313-313, 1969.
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19. Barnard, J.L. 1976. Amphipoda (Crustacea) from the Indo-Pacific Tropics: A Review. Micronesica. 12 (1): 169-182. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Amphipoda (Crustacea) from the Indo-Pacific Tropics: A Review

Barnard, J.L.

The gammaridean Amphipoda are the dominant peracaridan group of crustaceans in most shallow seas, including the tropics. This discussion reviews the status of our knowledge of this group in Indo-Pacific tropical zones, especially on coral reefs.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 169-182, 1976.
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amphipoda_crustacea_from_the_indo-pacific_tropics-_a_review_by_barnard_j.l._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (5.06 MB)
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19. Dana, T.F. & W.A. Newman. 1973. Massive Aggregation and Migration of Acanthaster: Behavioral Responses to Severe Food Limitation. Micronesica. 9 (2): 205-206. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Massive Aggregation and Migration of Acanthaster: Behavioral Responses to Severe Food Limitation

Dana, T.F. & W.A. Newman.

There are but two situations where Acanthaster is known to have overwhelmed the carrying capacity of a reef-the Great Barrier Reef and Guam. References in earlier scientific literature suggest that large aggregations of Acanthaster are not unprecedented. Thus these aggregations may be thought of as evolutionarily determined responses to natural events. Analysis of the size structure of aggregated and non-aggregated Acanthaster populations leads to the conclusion that aggregated populations have growth dynamics virtually the same as non-aggregated ones. Aggregated populations, then, must consist of individuals brought together in response to some peculiar feature of their local environment. Extended periods of abnormally high typhoon frequencies followed by local flurries and direct strikes was a sequence of unusual events preceding the observation of massive aggregations. This suggests that aggregation and migration may be a behavioral response to the food limitation imposed by typhoon damage to a reef's living corals.
Micronesica 9 (2): 205-206, 1973.
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20. Haig, J. 1976. Decapod Crustacea of Pacific Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 12 (1): 183-186. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Decapod Crustacea of Pacific Coral Reefs

Haig, J.

The decapod Crustacea are among the most abundant and diverse animals in the tropical Indo-West Pacific. Serène (1972) estimated that this area is inhabited by nearly 2,000 species of Brachyura alone. A large proportion of the tropical Indo-West Pacific decapods live on coral reefs: Serène gave their number as over 500 for the brachyurans and classified them as associates with other living coral reef organisms; regular inhabitants of the dead part of the reefs; and species which ordinarily live on rocky, sandy, or muddy substrates off the reefs, but occasionally occur there in suitable microhabitats.
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Micronesica 12 (1): 183-186, 1976.
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20. Yamaguchi, M. 1973. Recruitment of Coral Reef Asteroids, with Emphasis on Acanthaster planci (L.). Micronesica. 9 (2): 207-212. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Recruitment of Coral Reef Asteroids, with Emphasis on Acanthaster planci (L.)

Yamaguchi, M.

The paucity of juvenile asteroids and other echinoderms in the field has been recognized by a number of workers from various localities. Some authors have paid special attention to trying to locate such juvenile populations, but have failed in most cases. This is true for the common asteroids of Guam such as Linckia laevigata, L . multifora, and Culcita novaeguineae. This fact is surprising because the adult populations are so conspicuous. Acanthaster represents a similar picture in population structure. The aggregating populations of Acanthaster from various localities in the Indo-West Pacific show a uniform unimodality in the size-frequency distribution of the animals, except for one from the Red Sea. Juvenile Acanthaster have seldom been located in the field. Field evidence suggests that recruitments of many echinoderms, which produce larvae of similar feeding requirements and similar life-spans, is very sporadic in intensity from year to year although they reproduce annually or semi-continuously. Their populations are maintained by occasional year-classes which settle at high intensity and their longevous nature may keep the populations superficially stable, although the exact longevity data in the animals are unknown.
Micronesica 9 (2): 207-212, 1973.
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20. Wells, J.W. 1969. Aspects of Pacific Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 5 (2): 317-322. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.
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Aspects of Pacific Coral Reefs

Wells, J.W.

Coral reefs are the only major earth features determined by the complexly integrated operation of both organic and inorganic processes. To the biologist a reef is a dynamic organic community of tropical seas dominated by corals. To the geologist it is a constructional feature of tropical seas conditioned by the marine environment. Exploitation of the tropical Pacific Ocean by man and other terrestrial organisms has been made possible by the two disparate actions: the life processes of reef-building (hermatypic) corals and the geological processes of vulcanism and diastrophism, the former being in turn deterministically conditioned on the development by the latter of substrates at least within 100 meters of the ocean surface. In the long view they are impermanent systems due to the queasiness of the crust beneath the ocean basin. The reefs appear, from what is yet known of the geologic history of the Pacific Basin, to be a late Mesozoic development dating back about 80,000,000 years.
This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 5 (2): 317-322, 1969.
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21. Randall, R.H. 1973. Distribution of Corals After Acanthaster planci (L.) Infestation at Tanguisson Point, Guam. Micronesica. 9 (2): 213-222. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Distribution of Corals After Acanthaster planci (L.) Infestation at Tanguisson Point, Guam

Randall, R.H.

Distributional analysis of the reef corals was undertaken at Tanguisson Point in the early part of 1970, one year after the starfish infestation, and includes relative abundance of coral species and percentage of substrate occupied by living corals by reef zones and the distribution of corallum size and growth forms for the entire reef. By using coral distributional studies conducted prior to the starfish infestation period on an adjacent reef at Tumon Bay, a baseline value was established for the above parameters. Using this baseline data it was found that the total number of species at Tanguission Point had decreased from 146 to 96, and the number of genera from 36 to 33. In the major zones of starfish infestation the per cent of reef surface covered by living corals dropped from 49 to 21 in the reef front zone, from 59 to less than 1 in the submarine terrace zone, and from 50 to less than 1 in the seaward slope zone. There was a relative decrease in all corallum size ranges except the 0-5 cm range and a relative decrease in all the coral growth forms differentiated, except the encrusting types. There is some coral recovery taking place as evidenced by the presence of small, newly established corals from planula settlement and the presence of small surviving patches of previous living corals.
Micronesica 9 (2): 213-222, 1973.
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21. Goreau, T.F. 1969. Post Pleistocene Urban Renewal in Coral Reefs. Micronesica. 5 (2): 323-326. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1969.
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Post Pleistocene Urban Renewal in Coral Reefs

Goreau, T.F.

In this paper are examined some aspects of coral reef problems that have not been dealt with adequately before. The biological and ecological diversity of modern reefs is probably greater than any comparable association in earlier geological history. This is related to a very high order of trophic integration and organisation which is perhaps more complex than that of any other major ecosystem, terrestrial or marine. The evolution of such associations is not yet understood, especially as it seems to have taken place in one of the most stable of environments-the tropical sea shore. Although the geological record indicates that reefs are among the oldest continuously existing communities on earth, there is considerable evidence also that the modern reefs are not stable and mature communities, but are undergoing successional changes typical of youthful assemblages.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 5 (2): 323-326, 1969.
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22. Clark, A.M. 1976. Review of Present Status of Knowledge of Pacific Echinoderms. Micronesica. 12 (1): 193-196. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Review of Present Status of Knowledge of Pacific Echinoderms

Clark, A.M.

Inevitably most work in the Pacific on echinoderms has been done intertidally and in the upper 20 meters or so of water. The fauna of the tropical area, excepting the East Pacific, has been reviewed comprehensively by Clark and Rowe (1971) who give a fauna list/distribution table for the sub-areas of the Indo-West Pacific and annotated keys to the species (except for holothurians which are dealt with to genus or subgenus only). Since that date, notable contributions on the taxonomy of the Asterozoa of south-east Polynesia by Devaney and by Marsh have appeared and Devaney's revision of the dominant family of coral reef ophiuroids-the Ophiocomidae (to be concluded) includes many relevant species.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 193-196, 1976.
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22. Pearson, R.G. 1973. Recovery of Coral Reefs on the Great Barrier Reef Following Attack by Acanthaster. Micronesica. 9 (2): 223-224. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Recovery of Coral Reefs on the Great Barrier Reef Following Attack by Acanthaster

Pearson, R.G.

Investigations have centered on reefs off the Queensland coast near Innisfail. Large populations of Acanthaster attacked these reefs in the mid 1960's. Transect surveys of the seaward slopes of 18 reefs made during July-November 1971 showed that the coverage of live corals, larger than about 10 cm diameter, ranged from less than 1 per cent on the worst affected reef to 58.5 per cent on an undamaged reef. Corals near the reef crest subject to heavy wave action and large colonies of Diploastrea and massive and branching Porites were least affected. Long term quantitative studies of two 10 m2 plots on damaged reefs have recently commenced. Preliminary results show that about 70 to 75 per cent of all colonies are less than 5 cm diameter. Although turnover of small corals is high there is a net gain of colonies. Mortality of large colonies is low. Factors which could influence the recovery of corals on damaged reefs are discussed.
Micronesica 9 (2): 223-224, 1973.
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23. Eldredge, L.G. 1976. lndo-Pacific Ascidian Studies. Micronesica. 12 (1): 197-198. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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lndo-Pacific Ascidian Studies

Eldredge, L.G.

Ascidians are sessile tunicates which are cosmopolitan, occurring in all seas, at all depths. All the species are generally considered to belong to fourteen families. As with the other small-sized and virtually noneconomic invertebrates, little work is being carried out at present. Older expedition reports were extensive and well illustrated, but, unfortunately, almost none of these are useable in the identification of specimens from the shallow waters of the islands. Studies for ascidians in Japanese waters continues. Tokioka's (1953) work on Sagami Bay is probably one of the most valuable, but it contains no keys to assist in identification.
(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)
Micronesica 12 (1): 197-198, 1976.
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23. Wickler, W. 1973. Biology of Hymenocera picta Dana. Micronesica. 9 (2): 225-230. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Biology of Hymenocera picta Dana

Wickler, W.

The marine shrimp Hymenocera picta Dana of the Indo-Pacific region grows up to 5 cm in length. Both sexes moult every 18-20 days. After each moult, the female is ready to spawn about 1000 eggs which become attached to the underside of her abdomen. Mysis-larvae hatch out of the eggs within 18 days. Between moulting and egg-laying the female will allow one single copulation which is good for only one batch of eggs. These shrimps are territorial (philopatric) and normally live in pairs. Hymenocera seem to feed exclusively on starfish; they are able to kill even large specimens. There is no obvious cooperation between the members of a pair, nor are two animals necessary to make hunting successful. Every Hymenocera-male has a clear preference for his individual mate with whom it stays most of the time. However, it tries to copulate with every available freshly moulted female. Since individual recognition and pair-bond do exist, this species seems to have a rather low population density which has been confirmed by field data.
Micronesica 9 (2): 225-230, 1973.
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24. Seibt, U. 1973. Sense of Smell and Pair-Bond in Hymenocera picta Dana. Micronesica. 9 (2): 231-236. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Sense of Smell and Pair-Bond in Hymenocera picta Dana

Seibt, U.

Hymenocera picta Dana has functional eyes and is able to recognize conspecifics by sight over 20 cm away. Prey, however, is identified by smell and located by the shrimp moving upstream as long as the scent is perceived. Scents are perceived by the waving antennules which have a single row of sensory hairs on their terminal lobes. Hymenocera are normally found in pairs: 93.5 per cent heterosexual and 6.5 per cent homosexual. Therefore, both sexes must be able to identify the sex of a conspecific. Using only scent-cues, the shrimp does prefer conspecifics over other crustacea. Males identify by scent only and prefer their own female over any other conspecific. A pheromone is produced only by the female and perceived by males only. Motivation analysis shows that the pairbond (the attachment to a particular individual of opposite sex) in Hymenocera is not part of the agonistic, or sexual, or brood-care behavior complex, but is based on a special "drive for attachment". We suggest that attachment to a conspecific in Hymenocera is a means of reducing stress in the individual.
Micronesica 9 (2): 231-236, 1973.
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sense_of_smell_and_pair-bond_in_hymenocera_picta_dana-micronesica_vol._9_no.2_dec._1973o.pdf (1.74 MB)
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25. Bryan, P.G. 1973. Growth Rate, Toxicity, and Distribution of the Encrusting Sponge Terpios sp. (Hadromerida: Suberitidae) in Guam, Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 9 (2): 237-242. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1973.
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Growth Rate, Toxicity, and Distribution of the Encrusting Sponge Terpios sp. (Hadromerida: Suberitidae) in Guam, Mariana Islands

Bryan, P.G.

An encrusting marine sponge, thought to be a new species of Terpios, encrusts both living and non living substrates on Guam. Growth rate, toxicity, and distribution of the sponge were studied. The sponge grew an average of 23 mm per month over a live colony of Porites lutea. Sponge growth over live corals was significantly faster (P≤0.025) than growth over non living substrate. Pieces of the sponge placed on specimens of Fungia echinata killed some of the coral tissue and caused retraction of the tentacles and closure of the stomodaea. The most extensive encrustations of Terpios sp. were found along the southeast side of Guam on the reef terraces and also on the western side near Anae Island. In one area the sponge dominated most of the reef terrace for nearly a kilometer.
Micronesica 9 (2): 237-242, 1973.
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