An annotated list is given of the genus Galaxaura (Chaetangiaceae, Rhodophyta) from Micronesia. Thirteen species of the genus have been identified. The following species are reported for the first time from Micronesia: G. subfruticulosa , G. subverticillata, G. robusta, G. pacifica, G. rugosa, G. hystri x , and G. ventricosa. Keys to the Micronesian species of Galaxaura are provided.

Chamaedoris orientalis Okamura and Higashi (Siphonocladaceae, Chlorophyta) and Rhodopeltis gracilis Yamada and Tanaka (Polyideaceae , Rhodophyta) are reported from Guam and represent new generic records in Micronesia.

The sixth genus of corallimorph arian family Actinodiscidae, Amplexidiscus n. gen., is described. It is distinguished by its numerous short, simple, conic al tentacles, and few marginal tentacles. The type species, and currently the only one known for the genus, A. fenestrafer, may attain the largest size of any known corallimorpharian (up to 450 mm oral disc diameter). It has been found in relatively shallow waters on the lagoon side of coral reefs on the Great Barrier Reef, in eastern Indonesia, Palau and Guam .

Three species of tropical Australian corallimorpharians (family Actinodiscidae) lacking ectodermal nematocysts in their discal tentacles feed by entrapping prey with their oral discs. The largest species can close in three seconds, engulf four liters of water, and capture shrimps and fishes. It has captured anemonefishes in aquaria.

Quantitative analyses of epifaunal and infaunal polychaete assemblages from an intertidal windward reef bench at Enewetak Atoll revealed increases in species richness and abundance along a shoreward to seaward transect. The importance of refuges (shallow pools and algal turf) to the polychaete fauna was examined. Species diversity and richness and polychaete abundance were lower near shore where shallow pools, lined with sand, were the only refuges for soft-bodied invertebrates during periods of environmental harshness. Towards the ocean the bench was almost entirely covered by a thick algal turf which harbored a sizeable standing crop of polychaetes (up to 8.2 g dry wt./m²). Tube dwelling, suspension feeders and detritivores of the Sabellidae and Spionidae are most abundant in the shoreward pools while cirratulids, opheliids, errant amphinomids, and nereids, dominated the seaward samples. Thirty-one syllid species were recognized, contributing 35% of the polychaetes from epifaunal samples and the family was well represented in all algal turf and bench rock samples. Boring and burrowing polychaetes were more abundant as infauna in reef rock and coralline ridge samples as compared to samples of filamentous and turf-forming algae, and fine sediments scraped from the reef rock substratum where they were relatively few in number. The carbonate rock offered a third habitat dimension for cryptic and boring species including Dodecaceria laddi, eunicids and the spionid Polydora armata. Overall polychaete abundance and standing crop was approximately eight times greater in the algal mat habitat than in nearshore areas lacking macrothalloid algae. Shoreward refuges (shallow pools) harbored a richer polychaete fauna than the surrounding bench. Despite the harsh environmental conditions that exist nearshore during low tides, polychaete abundance was rather high (400-24,200 worms/m²). Algal turf scraped from the seaward section of bench contained an estimated 32,700 worms/m² in one of these samples, while blocks of reef rock including the overlying turf had 82,000-100,300 worms/m². These estimates indicate an increase in polychaetes with increasing macrothalloid algal cover and additionally with inclusion of the underlying hard substratum. Reef rock samples from the crest had a less abundant polychaete fauna composed of different species than those from the algal-covered section of bench. Data show that refuges affect the distribution, abundance, and composition of polychaete assemblages on an intertidal, tropical bench.

Scuba diving investigations in the Palau Islands and Guam, plus previous records, have revealed a total of 21 species of comatulid (unstalked) crinoids in Palau and 7 species in Guain occurring at depths to 40-50 m. An additional comatulid species is recorded from 180-300 m in Palau and a stalked crinoid is recorded from 360 m in Guam. All are new records except for six species previously known from Palau. Of the 17 shallow-water species for which feeding habit s are known, 11 species form filtration feeding fans, while 6 species are totally or partially nocturnal. The distribution of crinoids in the Palauan archipelago shows the highest concentrations of species and individuals to be located within the fringing barrier reef, particularly in tidal passes and at other sites where currents prevail. A key based on color in life and living habits is presented for the shallow-water crinoids of Palau and Guam.

The tropical marine fish genus Plectranthias Bleeker, Family Serranidae, Subfamily Anthiinae, is expanded to include the genera Sayonara, lsobuna, Xenanthias, Pteranthias, Zalanthias, Serranops, Pelontrus, and Zacallanthias. The following 17 described species are recognized in Plectranthias: the type species P. anthioides (Günther), known only from the holotype from Celebes; P. foresti Fourmanoir from the Philippines; P. gardineri (Regan) from the Seychelles; P. garrupellus Robins and Starck from Florida and the West Indies; P. intermedius (Kotthaus) from the vicinity of Socotra, Arabian Sea; P. japonicus (Steindachner) from Japan (described as a cirrhitid); P. kelloggi (Jordan and Evermann) from Hawaii, Japan and New Caledonia [azumanus (Jordan and Richardson) is regarded as a subspecies of P. kelloggi, and a population from New Caledonia is named as a new subspecies, melanesius]; P. longimanus (Weber) from the western Pacific to the western Indian Ocean; P. maculicauda (Regan) from New Zealand and New South Wales; P. megalepis (Günther) from the Kai Islands, Arafura Sea, Indonesia; P. megalophthalmus Fourmanoir and Randall from New Caledonia; P. morgansi (Smith) from Kenya; P. retrofasciatus Fourmanoir and Randall and P. rubrifasciatus Fourmanoir and Randall from New Caledonia; P. sagamiensis (Katayama) from Japan and the Ryukyus; P. winniensis (Tyler), widespread in the lndo-West Pacific; and P. yamakawai Yoshino from the Ryukyus. In addition, the following 13 species are described as new: P. alleni from 90 to 192 m off Western Australia; P. bauchotae from 140 to 180 m off southern Madagascar; P. cirrhitoides from 2.5 to 19 m at Rapa, South Pacific; P. fourmanoiri from 15 to 44 m in Oceania; P. helenae from 119 to 168 m off Hawaii; P. inermis from 14 to 30 m in the Moluccas, New Britain, and the Philippines; P. kamii from Guam (275 m), Palau (270 m), Ryukyus, and Japan; P. maugei from 250 m off SW Madagascar; P. nanus from 5 to 57 m at numerous islands in Oceania and Cocos-Keeling in the Indian Ocean (previously confused with P. longimanus); P. taylori from 183 m at Canton Island, Phoenix Islands (the largest species, to 237.5 mm SL); P. vexillarius from 49 to 63 m in the Gulf of Oman; and P. wheeleri and P. whiteheadi, both from the Kai Islands, Arafura Sea (syntypes of P. megalepis).

This third paper of this series contains new distributional records and taxonomic notes mainly on the plants of the Palau Islands. Range extensions are recorded in the genera Hymenophyllum, Trichomanes, Schizaea, Cyclopeltis, Diplazium, Humata, Nephrolepis, Apluda, Panicum, Pennisetum, Setaria, Sporobolus, Fimbristylis, Aneilema, Suriana, Xylocarpus, Euphorbia, Melanolepis, Ammannia, Melaleuca, Bacopa, Utricularia, Andrographis, Hedyotis, Spermacoce, Timonius, and Youngia. Taxonomic notes are presented on Humata, Nephrolepis, Aneilema, Eriocaulon, Piriqueta, Eugenia, Leucas, Hedyotis, and Spermacoce.

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The fourth paper of this series contains new distributional records and taxonomic notes on species of Cymbopogon, Digitaria, Eustachys, Imperata, Pennisetum, Setaria, Lemna, Ficus, Achyranthes, Adenanthera, Caesalpinia, Desmanthus, Desmodium, Sesbania, Galphimia, Tristellateia, Euphorbia, Lophopyxis, Kolreuteria, Lepisanthes, Cuphea, Pemphis, Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Pouteria, Eustoma, Allamanda, Cuscuta, Bidens, Chromolaena, Epaltes, Erigeron, and Wedelia in Micronesia. Much new collecting is reflected, as well as study of older material.

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Since publication of our two previous papers on the smaller northern islands of the Marianas chain (Fosberg et al. 1975, pp. 1-45; 1977, pp. 27-31), a number of plants have been found on islands where they were not known before. These were collected by M.V.C. Falanruw on a trip to Pagan Island in April, 1979. The new island records are presented below, along with some nomenclatural and taxonomic corrections to our 1975 list. The places referred to in that list are given in parentheses with each correction.

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Structural habitat complexity in the form of cracks, crevices and boulders and rubblefilled depressions in otherwise smooth intertidal windward atoll reefrock platforms provide adequate shelter for predatory gastropod molluscs during severe storm conditions. A typhoon that struck Enewetak in January, 1979, did not reduce abundance or species richness in assemblages primarily of Conidae and Muricidae occupying refuges of these types. On a portion of the platform where a thick algal turf had provided protected sites for predatory gastropods, population density and species richness of Conus species were much lower after the typhoon. Muricidae, more tenacious gastropods whose shell forms are also better adapted to withstand heavy wave action, were not significantly reduced in numbers of individuals or species. Censuses more immediate than 4 years pretyphoon are unfortunately lacking, so these effects cannot be attributed with certainty to the 1979 typhoon. However, no storms of typhoon intensity had occurred during the intervening period.

Individuals in a population of Conus sponsalis Hwass from Pago Bay, Guam, were marked and released in order to study the short-term consequences of artificially inflicted nonlethal shell damage of a type frequently encountered in the field. Damage to the outer lip had no effect on short-term survival, and the size distribution of injured cones recovered 30 days after release was the same as that at the beginning of the experiment. We conclude that shell damage had no immediate effect on mortality. Repair frequency (number of scars per body whorl) is very low on small individuals and reaches the highest level (0.27) in snails longer than 21 mm. Two size-dependent factors, growth rate and resistance to crushing, probably contribute to the size distribution of repaired shell injuries.

Sepia latimanus displays a variety of colorings and behavior when interacting with another individual. The male expresses the greater variety of patterns including: the Upward V curl, the Yellow Light , the Zebra, and the courting posture and coloring. The less elaborate postures, movements, and colorings of the female nevertheless appear to convey information to males (and possibly to predators). Paling of the arms, a leathery texture of the mantle, and greying of the body occur when she is ready to mate. A nonreceptive female displays a predominately white body with Center Bar.

Sepia latimanus gathered for reproduction each year in shallow (30 m) water during January through May. Males positioned themselves along the margin of the reef slope, each at his own limestone mound or pinnacle, locations where they intercepted females as they came from deeper water toward the site to deposit eggs. Larger males normally gained possession of the females as they arrived, sometimes after challenging the male already escorting the female. When the female was receptive, she mated with the male nearest to her. Females were seen to mate with several different males throughout the mating period.

Repeated copulation is characteristic of Sepia latimanus. After a female has deposited fertile eggs, copulation with a waiting male follows. After 15 to 20 minutes she deposits fertile eggs again. Identifiable females released fertile eggs during each of the 30 days that they were present in the observation area.

The critical factor determining the location of the gathering seemed to be crevices deep and narrow enough for egg deposition. Dead colonies of Lobophyllia usually provided the crevices, but such alternatives as sunken root systems of palm trees occasionally sufficed.

Crevices where eggs were placed in dead colonies of Lobophyllia were about 1 cm in diameter and 15 to 20 cm deep. The eggs averaged 1.8 cm to 2 cm in diameter, so they were retained inside the coral when they became detached. The developing Sepia spent about 38 to 40 days in the egg cases.

Unhatched as well as newly hatched Sepia employed a variety of color patterns and postures. The activities of Sepia inside the transparent egg included expression of a semi Upward V-curl, a lifting of all arms in an exaggerated cone shape, propulsion by means of their funnel, and a releasing of ink.

Seven species of commensal pontoniine shrimps are recorded for the first time from the Solomon Islands. Five species, Periclimenes lutescens, P. amymone, P. madreporae, Philarius gerlachei, and Coralliocaris venusta were associated with corals of the genus Acropora. Periclimenes ceratophthalmus was found on a crinoid. The single example of Periclimenes commensalis was found on a holothurian. This species is normally associated with crinoids and the holothurian is considered to represent a paratenic host only, as this common species has not been previously recorded in association with holothurians.

Two species of Homola are examined from depths to 500 m from experimental shrimp traps from the island of Guam, Mariana Islands. One of them is new to science; the other is widespread throughout the Indo-West Pacific.

Thirty specimens of crabs collected from the Kyushu-Palau Submarine Ridge were referred to Hypsophrys williamsi (n. sp.) of the Homolidae, Cyrtomaia horrida Rathbun and Leptomithrax kiiensis Sakai of the Majidae, Neopilumnoplax serratus Sakai of the Goneplacidae, and Geryon granulatus Sakai of the Geryonidae. Systematic notes on the known species and descriptions of the new species are presented.

A new species in the sphaerasterid genus Podosphaeraster Clark & Wright is described from Guam and the Loyalty Islands, western Pacific Ocean.

A single specimen of an undescribed Chaetodon was collected in 36 m off Orote Peninsula, Guam. It is closel y related to Chaetodon tinkeri Schultz from the Hawaiian and Marshall Islands, differing mainly in details of coloration which appear to link that species with C. burgessi Allen and Starck from Palau and C. mitratus Günther from the Indian Ocean. It represents the fifth known member of the tinkeri complex of the subgenus Roa, a relatively poorly known group of allopatric deep-dwelling Indo-West Pacific chaetodontids.

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One hundred and eleven species of fishes are newly recorded from Guam and the nearby islands of Rota, Tinian, and Saipan, raising the total number of fishes known from the southern Marianas to 772 species in 106 families. A preliminary zoogeographic analysis shows the area's ichthyofauna to consist mainly of species widely distributed on both sides of the andesite line. Species having primarily continental distributions and species having primarily insular distributions are important elements, and endemism is low. The nomenclature of many species previously recorded from Guam is brought into agreement with current scientific usage.

The cichlid fish, Sarotherodon mossambicus, native to southern Africa and introduced into many other areas of the world, was released by personnel of the U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in a saltwater pond on Fanning Atoll and in a freshwater lake on nearby Washington Island, Line Islands, in 1958 from stocks obtained in Hawaii. Since then, this exotic fish has become established and has dispersed into several estuaries and the lagoon of this atoll. The range of this fish, two decades after its introduction, encompassed approximately 16 km of lagoon coastline at Fanning Atoll. Resident islanders have not utilized this tilapia except to kill them when the fish becomes too abundant; they are not used as baitfish or as food. S. mossambicus is preyed upon by predatory fishes and piscivorous birds, but such predation has failed to stem the range expansion of this exotic fish.

Nine species of seagrasses have been reported previously from the Micronesian region. Six species, Halodule uninervis, Cymodocea rotundata, Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Halophila minor, and Halophila ovalis had been reported by various authors (Fosberg, 1955, 1961, 1976; Moul , 1957; den Hartog, 1970; Stone, 1971; Sachet and Fosberg, 1973) and three species, Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassodendron ciliatum, and Cymodocea serrulata were reported for the first time by Tsuda et al., (1977). The addition of Halodule pinifolia (Miki) den Hartog to the seagrass flora of the Palau Islands increases the total number of seagrasses reported in Micronesia to ten.

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There are three species of coconut beetles, i.e., Brontispa mariana Spaeth, Brontispa palauensis (Esaki and Chujo), and Brontispa chalybeipennis (Zacher), known to occur in the Micronesian region. Their geographical distribution within Micronesia is very distinct. B. mariana in Saipan, Tinian, Rota, Yap, and Truk Islands; B. palauensis in Palau Islands (except Ngaiangl and Angaur); and B. chalybeipennis in Ponape, Kosrae, and Marshall Islands have been recorded (Gressitt, 1955). The primary host of these beetles is coconut palm, Cocos nucifera L. However, B. palauensis and B. chalybeipennis have been observed to feed on young Pandanus sp. and Exorrhiza ponapensis, respectively, in addition to coconut.

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Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) DeWit , a native of Latin America, grows luxuriently on limestone plateaus of Guam and other Mariana Islands. It probably was introduced into Guam around 1860 by the Spaniards. In 1945, the United States Navy spread the seeds throughout Guam to revegetate the island in order to remedy the damages done to the vegetation during World War II (Fosberg, 1959). The possible uses of L. leucocephala as a forage crop and in biomass production have been reviewed by the National Academy of Sciences (1977) and Jones (1979).

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A number of bibliographies have been published since the second part of this series appeared [Micronesica 14(1): 124--125, 1978]. The first one was printed in 1971 [Micronesica 7(1-2): 238-239].

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Like all island societies, the Anutans of Polynesia are each a part of interrelated social schemes which give identity and purpose to each individual. Dr. Feinberg explains the relationships among the Anutans of pathologies with concepts of social obligations. Sussinctly stated, their social system determines their pathologies, and has always done so; modern medicine notwithstanding.

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We are glad to acknowledge the appearance of the third part and completion of volume 8 of Series I (Spermatophyta) of FLORA MALESIANA. This fascicle of (19)+277 pages contains a very interesting dedicatory essay in honor of the famous 19th century Dutch botanist F.A.W. Miquel and treatments of 11 families of flowering plants. These include such large and difficult families as Labiatae and Anacardiaceae.

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Most field botanists, ecologists, and foresters have often wished for a book that will enable them to identify seedlings in the field, or in the herbarium for that matter. Those who work in the tropics have an even greater need for such a book or key. The volume under review is not such a book, though it gives a pretty good idea why such a book is not available, nor likely to be in the near future.

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This excellent volume is the second to appear in the Bishop Museum's new series, Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii, and it bodes well for the continued success of this ambitious venture. There are about a thousand species of marine molluscs in Hawaii, and even long-time students of tropical Pacific molluscs (like myself) will marvel at the book's breadth of coverage.

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