30

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ARTICLES

1. McDowall, R.M. 1997. Is There Such a Thing as Amphidromy?. Micronesica. 30(1): 3-14. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Is There Such a Thing as Amphidromy?

McDowall, R.M.

Anadromy and amphidromy are different migratory/life history strategies. However, few North American ichthyologists and fisheries biologists use the term amphidromy, and usually describe amphidromous fishes as anadromous. By contrast those who study fishes of the fresh waters of tropical islands, as well as Japan, New Zealand and Australia, routinely use the term amphidromy. This difference in practice is attributed to the general lack of amphidromous fishes in continental North America.
Amphidromy is used to describe migratory fish that return from the sea to fresh waters at a juvenile stage; they do most of their feeding and growing in fresh water and eventually reproduce there. By contrast, in anadromous fishes, the return migration from the sea to fresh water is of adult fish approaching sexual maturity. Most or all feeding and growth of anadromous fishes takes place in the sea; they usually undertake little or no feeding in fresh water, though they reproduce there.
Micronesica 30(1): 3-14, 1997.
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McDowall1997
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2. Kent, D.I. & J.B. Marliave. 1997. Early Life History of the Arrow Goby, Clevelandia ios (Jordan & Gilbert) , Gobiidae. Micronesica. 30(1): 15-23. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Early Life History of the Arrow Goby, Clevelandia ios (Jordan & Gilbert) , Gobiidae

Kent, D.I. & J.B. Marliave.

The arrow goby, Clevelandia ios, hatches over estuarine mud flats and remains entrained in shallow water until after caudal fin formation, when schooling behavior commences in the extreme nearshore. All larval stages are illustrated. Settlement is preceded by fusion of the pelvic fins and coincides with pigment pattern development, whereas burrow entry correlates most closely with completion of pigment pattern development. Laboratory tests indicate an experience component to latency times in burrow entry. Juveniles prefer sand substrate, but no preference for presence of burrows or ghost shrimp (Callianassa californiensis) in substrates was evident.
Micronesica 30(1): 15-23, 1997.
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Kent1997
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2_-_kentocr.pdf (459.67 KB)
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3. Bell, K.N.I., J.A. Brown & P. Pepin. 1997. Variation in Age-at-Recruitment Can Drive Recruitment Dynamics: the Example of Sicydium spp. (Pisces: Gobiidae) in Dominica, West Indies. Micronesica. 30(1): 25 Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Variation in Age-at-Recruitment Can Drive Recruitment Dynamics: the Example of Sicydium spp. (Pisces: Gobiidae) in Dominica, West Indies

Bell, K.N.I., J.A. Brown & P. Pepin.

Early life history can influence recruitment through a mechanism not previously identified. Age-at-recruitment (AAR) was shown by otolith evaluation and periodic regression to vary seasonally in Sicydium spp. in Dominica, West Indies. These species reproduce and recruit pan-seasonally, making them ideal study species for recruitment-dynamic problems. Although pan-seasonal, there is a pronounced peak season for recruitment not adequately explained by variation in reproduction. We used numerical simulation to explore the potential of seasonal variation in age-at-recruitment to influence recruitment seasonality. From this we show that with temporally constant reproduction, AAR variation can cause large variations in recruitment; when coupled with realistic (but temporally constant) daily survival rates, recruitment can vary ten- to twenty-fold or more. The recruitment variation is caused by two allied processes usually acting together: a Doppler-like effect and a compounding of prevailing mortality over variable time. Thus, AAR should not be assumed constant, and temporal variation in AAR should be considered as a source of otherwise unexplainable recruitment variation. This phenomenon may occur in many other taxa, and becomes more easily detected as the duration of the spawning and recruitment seasons increases. At present there are insufficient data to determine whether long-term changes are occurring in growth rates and age-at-recruitment; this is principally because otoliths are destroyed by conventional preservation. There is a need to develop collections of properly preserved otoliths which can later be analysed, and this collection can begin with each interested scientist, with very little expense.
Micronesica 30(1): 25 1997.
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Bell1997
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3_-_bellocr.pdf (50.31 KB)
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4. Kinzie III, R.A. 1997. Evolution and Life History Patterns in Freshwater Gobies. Micronesica. 30(1): 27-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Evolution and Life History Patterns in Freshwater Gobies

Kinzie III, R.A.

Gobioid fishes have invaded freshwater systems from the tropics to warm temperate regions. This move has brought about many changes in the biology of the fishes that have made the transition. However, the basic reproductive biology of most freshwater gobioids appears to be similar to that seen in near-shore marine species. Many freshwater gobioids retain a link to the sea through their amphidromous life cycle, but several genera have produced landlocked forms with no diadromy. Egg size, and the inversely related fecundity, change markedly when landlocking results in the production of non-planktonic young. Where it has been determined, the planktonic phase in the amphidromous species is quite long relative to typical shallow water marine gobies and is particularly long in the genus Awaous, which has other atypical features in its reproductive biology. Patterns of endemism in freshwater gobioids may be explained only in part by the length of planktonic larval life.
Micronesica 30(1): 27-40, 1997.
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Kinzie1997
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5. Nishimoto, R.T. & D.G.K. Kuamo'o. 1997. Recruitment of Goby Postlarvae into Hakalau Stream, Hawai'i Island. Micronesica. 30(1): 41-49. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Recruitment of Goby Postlarvae into Hakalau Stream, Hawai'i Island

Nishimoto, R.T. & D.G.K. Kuamo'o.

Native Hawaiian stream fishes are diadromous and re-enter streams as either clear, opaque or pigmented postlarvae after their oceanic larval phase. Recruiting postlarvae were sampled hourly over a 24-hour period for 19 consecutive months (December 1993 to June 1995) with a passive trap set at the stream mouth. Postlarvae of all native stream fish species were collected and the mean fish size at entry into Hakalau stream did not vary over the sample period. There were two size classes: hinana, Sicyopterus stimpsoni, 23.61 mm SL and ahina, Awaous guamensis, 15.95 mm SL, Lentipes concolor, 14.43 mm SL, Stenogobius hawaiiensis, 14.09 mm SL, Eleotris sandwicensis, 13.46 mm SL. L. concolor and S. stimpsoni recruited most heavily immediately after sunrise while S. hawaiiensis and E. sandwicensis were most common after dark and during the rising tide. A. guamensis occurred throughout the 24-hour period but with recruitment peaks around the high tides. Postlarval recruitment into streams was greatest after periods of heavy rainfall and subsequent freshets.
Micronesica 30(1): 41-49, 1997.
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Nishimoto1997
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6. Tate, D.C. 1997. The Role of Behavioral Interactions of Immature Hawaiian Stream Fishes (Pisces: Gobiodei) in Population Dispersal and Distribution. Micronesica. 30(1): 51-70. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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The Role of Behavioral Interactions of Immature Hawaiian Stream Fishes (Pisces: Gobiodei) in Population Dispersal and Distribution

Tate, D.C.

Behavioral and morphological observations on native Hawaiian freshwater fishes (Gobiodei), Eleotris sandwicensis, Stenogobius hawaiiensis, Awaous guamensis, Lentipes concolor, and Sicyopterus stimpsoni show the following diel recruitment patterns: L. concolor invaded streams mainly during the day with the wave surge; S.stimpsoni entered mostly during the day regardless of tidal conditions; A. guamensis were transported onshore day or night; S.hawaiiensis and E. sandwicensis entered streams by passive transport, the former by day, the latter at night.
E. sandwicensis and S.hawaiiensis larvae mature in the lowerstream reaches while L.concolor, S.stimpsoni, and A. guamensis usually move to upstream habitats. For these latter three fishes, onto genetic changes in behavior, including predator avoidance during recruitment and aggressive interactions between immature fishes farther upstream,act in sequence to produce the instream distribution typical of adults.
Schooling occurred in the estuary in S.stimpsoni and A. guamensis postlarvae; singles and pairs also migrated into streams. Postlarvae remained in schools through the estuary where they were vulnerable to predation by adult E. sandwicensis and Kuhlia sandvicensis. After climbing a waterfall that excluded most aquatic predators, A. guamensis and S. stimpsoni developed coloration displayed during aggressive contests. Immature S. stimpsoni that failed to develop bright colors lost agonistic encounters and usually fled upstream. Aggressive displays by postlarval A. guamensis usually displaced intruders. L.concolor moved quickly up-stream; they did not school but exhibited agonistic behavior toward con-specifics which promoted upstream dispersal.

Micronesica 30(1): 51-70, 1997.
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7. Kido, M.H. 1997. Food Webs and Feeding Dynamics of Coexisting Native Hawaiian Stream Gobies. Micronesica. 30(1): 71-82. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Food Webs and Feeding Dynamics of Coexisting Native Hawaiian Stream Gobies

Kido, M.H.

The food webs of Awaous guamensis and Sicyopterus stimpsoni, two native gobies that commonly coexist in mountainous reaches ofHawaiian streams, were found to be comprised of reticulate connections between a relatively depauperate, but tightly linked, group of native andalien consumers highly dependent on algae. In these webs, the two gobies foraged as omnivores, individuals utilizing a variety of prey types simultaneously. Omnivory provided an adaptive solution for native gobies to cope with spatial and temporal fluctuations in resource abundance. Heterogeneity in resource abundance mediated by variation is stream flow coupled with limitations in the diversity of prey types were suggested as important factors shaping consumer/resource interactions. Nutritional subsidies from terrestrial habitat were weakly linked in the food chains of gobies primarily via two adventive caddisfly species which utilize detritus. Energy subsidies, however, may be important to native Hawaiian gobioids in certain habitat and during periods when resource abundance is low or altered by pertubation.
Micronesica 30(1): 71-82, 1997.
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Kido1997
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8. Nelson, S.G., J.E. Parham, R.B. Tibbatts, F.A. Camacho, T. Leberer & B.D. Smith. 1997. Distributions and Microhabitats of the Amphidromous Gobies in Streams of Micronesia. Micronesica. 30(1): 83-91. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Distributions and Microhabitats of the Amphidromous Gobies in Streams of Micronesia

Nelson, S.G., J.E. Parham, R.B. Tibbatts, F.A. Camacho, T. Leberer & B.D. Smith.

Amphidromous gobies are prominent components of stream fish assemblages of the islands of Micronesia, yet most aspects of their biology are poorly known. The increased pace of development in many of the islands of the tropical Pacific has resulted in an increased threat to the fauna of their inland, aquatic habitats and an urgent need for ecological information on these fishes. We used visual surveys to compare the instream distributions, microhabitat use, and densities of stream gobies from two islands within the geographic area of Micronesia in relation to various physical and biotic factors. The species composition of the goby assemblages changes with stream elevation, most abruptly at waterfalls, and between islands. Abrupt changes in the stream fish communities occur at major waterfalls. Waterfalls can be effective barriers to upstream migration for the gobies that are not adapted to climbing, such as those of the genus Stenogobius. However, even large waterfalls can be climbed by species in the genera Stiphodon, Sicyopus, Sicyopterus, Awaous, and Redigobius. Percent canopy cover and substrate type are other determinants of the distributions and densities of these tropical stream gobies.
Micronesica 30(1): 83-91, 1997.
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Nelson1997
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9. Schoenfuss, H.L., T.A. Blanchard & D.G.K. Kuamo'o. 1997. Metamorphosis in the Cranium of Postlarval Sicyopterus stimpsoni, an Endemic Hawaiian Stream Goby. Micronesica. 30(1): 93-104. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Metamorphosis in the Cranium of Postlarval Sicyopterus stimpsoni, an Endemic Hawaiian Stream Goby

Schoenfuss, H.L., T.A. Blanchard & D.G.K. Kuamo'o.

The endemic goby Sicyopterus stimpsoni is unique among the five species of Hawaiian freshwater fishes because it undergoes a rapid metamorphosis of its cranial structures during postlarval development. These fish are amphidromous and return after a prolonged stay in the ocean to Hawaiian streams where they are confined to estuaries until completion of cranial restructuring. Within 48 hours after entering fresh water, snout length, as well as head height and width increase greatly while total length and head length remain unchanged. The upper lip enlarges greatly, and the mouth position shifts from terminal to nearly ventral. After completion of metamorphosis S. stimpsoni is able to climb waterfalls by alternating use of the pelvic sucking-disk and the mouth, with which it also is able to scrape diatoms from the surface of rocks by rapid rostrocaudal movement of the upper-jaw complex. Macroscopic and microscopic anatomical evidence, as well as observations of live fish, confirm the dynamics and extent of the metamorphosis. Non-linear, highly dynamic cranial development with extensive reallocation of cranial function has not been described previously for fishes, and its study provides a vehicle for a better understanding of ontogenetic development in vertebrates.
Micronesica 30(1): 93-104, 1997.
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Schoenfuss1997
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9_-_schoenfussocr.pdf (621.94 KB)
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10. Font, W.F. 1997. Improbable Colonists: Helminth Parasites of Freshwater Fishes on an Oceanic Island. Micronesica. 30(1): 105-115. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Improbable Colonists: Helminth Parasites of Freshwater Fishes on an Oceanic Island

Font, W.F.

Eleven species of helminth parasites were found in 5 species of native gobioid and 4 species of introduced poeciliid stream fishes from 29 aquatic habitats on the islands of Hawai'i, O'ahu, and Kaua'i in the Hawaiian archipelago. Mechanisms by which these parasites originally colonized Hawai'i, either naturally or by means of human activities, were investigated. Two sources of native, or naturally occurring parasites, were identified: marine fishes and migratory piscivorous birds. Four native species, of which the roundworm Spirocamallanus istiblenni was the most numerous, originated in marine fishes. An additional 3 parasites used migratory piscivorous birds as final hosts and fishes as intermediate hosts. The remaining 4 species of parasites were introduced into Hawai'i by man. Three of these species of helminths, a roundworm Camallanus cotti, a tapeworm Bothriocephalus acheilognathi, and a leech Myzobdella lugubris, introduced when exotic poeciliid fishes were brought to the archipelago, were the most widespread and abundant helminths parasitizing stream fishes. Biological characteristics that enhance the probability of colonization of oceanic islands by parasites include: broad host specificity, the utilization of vagile final hosts, and the use of common and ubiquitous intermediate hosts. The colonization potential of both allogenic and autogenic parasites of freshwater fishes on oceanic islands is compared with results of previous studies of allogenic and autogenic colonists of continental islands.
Micronesica 30(1): 105-115, 1997.
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Font1997
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11. Fitzsimons, J.M., H.L. Schoenfuss, T.C. Schoenfuss. 1997. Significance of Unimpeded Flows in Limiting the Transmission of Parasites from Exotics to Hawaiian Stream Fishes. Micronesica. 30(1): 117-125. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Significance of Unimpeded Flows in Limiting the Transmission of Parasites from Exotics to Hawaiian Stream Fishes

Fitzsimons, J.M., H.L. Schoenfuss, T.C. Schoenfuss.

Streams with a full complement of native amphidromous fishes and macroinvertebrates are common features on windward slopes of four of the five major high islands comprising the southeastern section of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Strong perennial flows and flash floods produced by mountain storms flush away accumulations of debris and sediments, terminate algal blooms, and open up streams where they flow into the sea. Each of these effects is beneficial for the five indigenous fish species, limited to gobioids, which lay their eggs in fresh water and have a lengthy marine larval phase before migrating back into streams where they mature. A fortuitous advantage of the dynamic nature of Hawaiian streams is the elimination or control of introduced fishes (especially poeciliids) carrying helminth parasites capable of becoming pathogenic in native fishes. Results of experiments with artificial streams support the hypothesis that Hawaiian freshwater gobioid fishes are able to move from the ocean into streams as larvae and can occupy discrete sections of streams as adults at water velocities that displace exotics. A basal flow of 20 cm/second or greater at the stream mouth is recommended for stream maintenance and restoration.
Micronesica 30(1): 117-125, 1997.
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Fitzsimons1997
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11_-_fitzsimmonsocr.pdf (472.2 KB)
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12. Kevan, D.K.M., V.R. Vickery & M.L. English. 1997. Acridoidea and Related Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) of Micronesia. Micronesica. 30(1): 127-168. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Acridoidea and Related Orthoptera (Grasshoppers) of Micronesia

Kevan, D.K.M., V.R. Vickery & M.L. English.

The species of grasshoppers of the superfamilies Acridoidea, Tetrigoidea, and Tridactyloidea of Micronesia are discussed with complete data on Micronesian distribution. Two new species of Tetrigidae, Carolinotettix palauensis and Hydrotettix carolinensis, are described.
Micronesica 30(1): 127-168, 1997.
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Kevan1997
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12_-_kevanocr.pdf (2.2 MB)
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13. Schreiner, I.H. 1997. Demography and Recruitment of Selected Trees in the Limestone Forest of Guam in Relation to Introduced Ungulates. Micronesica. 30(1): 169-181. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Demography and Recruitment of Selected Trees in the Limestone Forest of Guam in Relation to Introduced Ungulates

Schreiner, I.H.

The island of Guam had no ungulates until after European contact, when several species such as deer and pigs were introduced. Both deer and feral pigs have become numerous within the forests of Guam, and may be damaging the forest through over-browsing and rooting. This study was initiated to determine whether introduced ungulates might be affecting recruitment of several species of native trees.
The study showed that, within the Northern Guam area, high populations of deer were largely confined to the Air Force Base, but feral pigs were abundant at almost all study sites.
Four tree species were studied. Tristiropsis obtusangula Radlk. (faia) did not appear to be affected by ungulates. Young trees and seedlings were common at all sites and little evidence of deer browsing was seen on seedlings monitored for several years. Very few young trees of Eleaocarpus joga Merr. (yoga) were found at any of the sites sampled. Only four seedlings were found, of which two were browsed and one disappeared within two years. For Macaranga thompsonii Merr. (pengua), young trees tended to be sparse where deer were abundant. Seedlings suffered high mortality from browsing in a location where deer were abundant, but little evidence of browsing was seen on seedlings in an area with low deer density. In a location with high deer density, uncaged Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Ktze. (ifit) seedlings suffered high mortality. However, small trees were common in at least one site where deer are currently numerous. Little sign of browsing was seen when seedlings were grown in a location where deer sign were not observed.
Micronesica 30(1): 169-181, 1997.
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Schreiner1997
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14. Lusk, M.R. & E. Taisacan. 1997. Description of a Bridled White-eye Nest from Rota, Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 30(1): 183-185. Date Revised/Accepted: 21 October 1996.
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Description of a Bridled White-eye Nest from Rota, Mariana Islands

Lusk, M.R. & E. Taisacan.

The nest of a Rota Bridled White-eye was discovered on 9 June 1993 in the Applatatgua region of Rota. The nest tree was a Hernandia labyrinthica in well-developed limestone forest. The nest's exterior measured 70 by 50 mm, and the interior 50 by 30 mm. The nest was constructed of what were probably fibers from Pandanus tectorius and rootlets of Asplenium nidus. The exterior of the nest was covered with an unidentified moss. The nest was probably unfinished.
Micronesica 30(1): 183-185, 1997.
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Lusk1997
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14_-_luskocr.pdf (152.32 KB)
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15. Clouse, R.M. 1997. End-Plate Spicules in Bohadschia marmorata (Jaeger) (Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae). Micronesica. 30(1): 187-192. Date Revised/Accepted: 11 November 1996.
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End-Plate Spicules in Bohadschia marmorata (Jaeger) (Holothuroidea: Holothuriidae)

Clouse, R.M.

End-plate spicules from the tube feet of the sea cucumber Bohadschia marmorata are described. These spicules may be confused with large plate-like spicules in the body wall, which are not supposed to be in this genus. End-plate spicules are generally considered of no taxonomic value, but they are conspicuously missing from specimens originally described as Holothuria bivittata and currently placed in synonomy with B. marmorata. Considering the taxonomic problems with Bohadschia, and the type species, B. marmorata, it may be useful to use endplate spicules in future Holothurian taxonomic work.
Micronesica 30(1): 187-192, 1997.
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Clouse1997
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16. Salleh, A. & P. Milow. 1997. Notes on Printzina bossei (de Wildeman) Thompson et Wujek (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from Malaysia. Micronesica. 30(1): 193-198. Date Revised/Accepted: 06 November 1996.
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Notes on Printzina bossei (de Wildeman) Thompson et Wujek (Trentepohliaceae, Chlorophyta) from Malaysia

Salleh, A. & P. Milow.

Micronesica 30(1): 193-198, 1997.
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17. Randall, J.E. 1997. The hawkfish Cirrhitichthys serratus Randall, a junior synonym of C.falco Randall. Micronesica. 30(1): 199-203. Date Revised/Accepted: 14 November 1996.
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The hawkfish Cirrhitichthys serratus Randall, a junior synonym of C.falco Randall

Randall, J.E.

The cirrhitid fish Cirrhitichthys serratus Randall (1963) was described from 11 specimens collected from a drydock in Pearl Harbor, Oahu that was hauled from Guam a year earlier. It was distinguished from the apparently larger C. falco Randall, described from Mindanao, by slight difference in color, more convex profile of the nape, and higher average number oflateral-line scales. No additional specimens of C. serratus have been collected in the Hawaiian Islands or Guam, but new material of C. falco the same size as C. serratus eliminated the color and head-shape differences. Although the number of lateral-line scales remains higher for specimens from the Mariana Islands, C. serratus is referred to the synonymy of C. falco.
Micronesica 30(1): 199-203, 1997.
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Randall1997
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18. Benayahu, Y. 1997. A review of three alcyonacean families (Octocorallia) from Guam. Micronesica. 30(2): 207-244. Date Revised/Accepted: 04 February 1997.
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A review of three alcyonacean families (Octocorallia) from Guam

Benayahu, Y.

The soft corals of the families Alcyoniidae, Asterospiculariidae and Briareidae are listed for Guam. Collections were carried out on several reef sites by SCUBA diving, involving careful examination of a variety of habitats in shallow waters as well as down to 32 m. The collection yielded 35 species, including one new species: Sinularia paulae,and an additional 21 new zoogeographical records for the region, already known from other Indo-Pacific regions. Three species: S. discrepans Tixier-Durivault, 1970, S.humesi Verseveldt, 1968, and Asterospicularia randalli Gawel, 1976, are described and discussed in detail. Some taxonomic comments on intraspecific variability of S. gaweli Verseveldt, 1978 and S. peculiaris Tixier-Durivault, 1970 are also given. Notes on the distribution and abundance on the reefs are presented for the identified soft coral. Remarks on the underwater features of the most common species have been recorded in an attempt to facilitate their recognition. The vast majority of the species obtained in the survey (33 out of the 35) are of the family Alcyoniidae. Some Lobophytum, Sarcophyton and Sinularia species, along with Asterospicularia randalli,dominate large reef areas as patches composed of numerous colonies. In recent decades Guam's reefs have been severely affected by both natural and anthropogenic disturbances that have devastated the scleractinian corals. Successful space monopolization by soft corals may demonstrate their capability to withstand the disturbances, and even to replace the scleractinians in places where these are unable to survive.
Micronesica 30(2): 207-244, 1997.
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Benayahu1997(article)
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Benayahu1997(BWphotos)
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19. Clouse, R.M. 1997. Burying behavior in an Indo-Pacific sea cucumber, Bohadschia marmorata Jaeger (Holothuroidea): a circadian, not circatidal, rhythm. Micronesica. 30(2): 245-257. Date Revised/Accepted: 25 July 1997.
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Burying behavior in an Indo-Pacific sea cucumber, Bohadschia marmorata Jaeger (Holothuroidea): a circadian, not circatidal, rhythm

Clouse, R.M.

Rhythmic burying behavior in a sea cucumber was described and its selective advantage investigated. Two populations of Bohadschia marmorata were studied: in a mangrove channel and in a grassflats habitat. Burying was not the result of water depth but rather time of day. In both populations, individuals came to the surface of the sand in midafternoon, were most likely to be fully exposed around midnight, and reburied before dawn. Individuals in the grassflats population were more likely to be completely buried during the day, and they emerged from the sand later in the day than the mangrove population. Three hypotheses for the existence of this behavior were investigated: that they bury to avoid (1) exposure at low tide, (2) ultraviolet light (UVB), and/or (3) stingray feeding groups. The timing of the burying rhythm and the lack of a strong correlation between tide and burying support the hypothesis that B. marmorata bury to avoid UVB exposure.
Micronesica 30(2): 245-257, 1997.
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Clouse1997
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20. Humes, A.G. 1997. Asterocheres enewetakensis, new species (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida), from a sponge at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. Micronesica. 30(2): 259-267. Date Revised/Accepted: 25 July 1997.
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Asterocheres enewetakensis, new species (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida), from a sponge at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands

Humes, A.G.

The asterocherid siphonostomatoid copepod Asterocheres enewetakensis, new species, is described from an unidentified sponge at Muti Island, Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. It differs from all congeners in the elongated slender leg 5 (ratio in the female 6:1) and in the shape of the genital double-somite in the female.
Micronesica 30(2): 259-267, 1997.
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21. Kevan, D.K.M. & V.R. Vickery. 1997. An Annotated Provisional List of Non-Saltatorial Orthopteroid Insects of Micronesia, Compiled Mainly from the Literature. Micronesica. 30(2): 269-353. Date Revised/Accepted: 27 July 1997.
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An Annotated Provisional List of Non-Saltatorial Orthopteroid Insects of Micronesia, Compiled Mainly from the Literature

Kevan, D.K.M. & V.R. Vickery.

The general literature relating to the non-saltatorial orthopteroid insects of Micronesia and certain nearby groups of smaller islands of Oceania is reviewed. The species known to occur in this region are listed according to order and family. Most of the information is based on literature records which have been updated, corrected and commented upon where appropriate. A few new records are included. The orders considered are Dictuoptera (including Blattodea, Mantodea and Termitodea [Isoptera]), Zoraptera (none recorded), Embioptera, Dermaptera and Cheleutoptera (Phasmatodea).
Micronesica 30(2): 269-353, 1997.
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22. Pietrusewsky, M., R.M. Ikehara-Quebral & T.L. Hunt. 1997. A Lapita-Associated Skeleton from Waya Island, Fiji. Micronesica. 30(2): 355-388. Date Revised/Accepted: 25 June 1997.
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A Lapita-Associated Skeleton from Waya Island, Fiji

Pietrusewsky, M., R.M. Ikehara-Quebral & T.L. Hunt.

A relatively complete and well-preserved skeleton of a 40-50 year old male, associated with Lapita ceramics from Site Y2-25, near Yalobi Village, Waya Island, Fiji, is described. Radiometric dating of the site and of the skeleton indicates the individual lived ca. 2700 years ago(BP). The cranium is short, mesocranic, and high. The face is non-projecting and the orbits and nasal aperture are of medium shape. Caries infection, extreme tooth wear, periodontal disease, premortem tooth loss,and hypercementosis are evident. The upper long limb bones exhibit moderately strong muscle markings while the lower limb bones are more gracile. Living stature is estimated to have been ca 170 cm. A supraclavicular foramen, an oval-shaped fovea capitis, and tibial and talar squatting facets are present. Paleopathological changes observed in the skeleton include cranial osteoporosis, a possible maxillary sinus infection, degenerative osteoarthritis, and slight-to-moderately developed occipital superstructures. Stresses, involving heavy mastication and strenuous physical activity, are at least partly responsible for some of the features observed in this and other Lapita-associated skeletal remains. Limited multivariate comparisons, including the use of FORDISC 2.0 and CRANID2, suggest morphological similarities between the new Fiji cranium and crania from East and Southeast Asia, the presumed homeland of Austronesian-speaking peoples.
Micronesica 30(2): 355-388, 1997.
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23. Marutani, M., J.A. Brown, F. Cruz & G. Wall. 1997. Agricultural Crop Production on Guam during the 20th Century. Micronesica. 30(2): 389-415. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 April 1997.
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Agricultural Crop Production on Guam during the 20th Century

Marutani, M., J.A. Brown, F. Cruz & G. Wall.

Agriculture on Guam has changed dramatically during the period of American governance (1898 to 1941 and 1944 to present). The primary event affecting agriculture during this period was the transition to a cash based economy. Employment for monetary wages became widespread during the last years of World War II (WWII) and during the military build-up immediately afterwards. Prior to WWII, the economy of Guam was based on subsistence agriculture . In a historic sense, the crops on Guam can be divided into three categories: (1) those that have basically disappeared as commercial commodities because of complete replacement by imports, i.e. rice, arrowroot, sugarcane, field corn and tobacco; (2) those that were important before the introduction of the cash economy and have remained relatively important for cultural or economic reasons, i.e., coconut, taro, yam, sweet potato, banana, pineapple and papaya; and (3) those that have become important since the late 1950s, i.e. watermelon, cucumber, beans, eggplant, tomato and cantaloupe. Increased demand and erratic local supplies of fresh vegetables and fruits encourage the importation of many commodities. Sources of variation in local production of fruits and vegetables are: periodic typhoons and tropical storms; soil saturation during rainy season; physiological disorders due to high temperature, high relative humidity, water stress, imbalances of soil nutrients, and the occurrence of diseases and pests. The recent emergence of landscaping and ornamental markets as well as turf management business of golf courses has diversified the island's agriculture. Some issues on Guam's future agriculture addressed are development of environmentally sound and sustainable cropping systems, new crop development, mechanization, improvement of post harvest technology, development of profitable market system, and further expansion of the newly developed ornamental, landscape and turf industry.
Micronesica 30(2): 389-415, 1997.
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24. Esguerra, N.M., K.J. Diopulos, R.P. Samuel & J.D. William. 1997.
Establishment of the Leaf Mining Fly, Calycomyza lantanae Frick, on the weed Lantana camara L. on Pohnpei
. Micronesica. 30(2): 417-419. Date Revised/Accepted: 15 March 1997.
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Establishment of the Leaf Mining Fly, Calycomyza lantanae Frick, on the weed Lantana camara L. on Pohnpei

Esguerra, N.M., K.J. Diopulos, R.P. Samuel & J.D. William.

Despite a number of biological control agents released a few years ago to control Lantana camara, the weed persists in thickets, particularly along roadsides and open lands on Pohnpei. A leaf mining fly, Calycomyza lantanae, was introduced from Guam and established on three release sites on Pohnpei. Blotched mines on the leaves of L. camara become evident in the release sites. C. lantanae has spread throughout most of Pohnpei.
Micronesica 30(2): 417-419, 1997.
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25. Esguerra, N.M., J.D. William, R.P. Samuel & K.J. Diopulos. 1997.
Biological Control of the Weed, Mimosa invisa Von Martins, on Pohnpei and Yap
. Micronesica. 30(2): 421-427. Date Revised/Accepted: 03 May 1997.
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Biological Control of the Weed, Mimosa invisa Von Martins, on Pohnpei and Yap

Esguerra, N.M., J.D. William, R.P. Samuel & K.J. Diopulos.

The giant sensitive plant, Mimosa invisa Von Martius, became a serious weed pest on the main islands of Pohnpei and Yap, states of the Federated States of Micronesia in the early 1990's. Pure cultures of a psyllid, Heteropsylla spinulosa Muddsman, Hodkinson and Hollis, imported from Australia were released in several sites infested with M. invisa around Pohnpei and Yap. A few months after release, the psyllid became established and controlled M invisa. Initially, infested M. invisa looked unhealthy, then turned brown and died.
Micronesica 30(2): 421-427, 1997.
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26. Abawi, F.G. & O.H. Diambra. 1997.
Enzyme and Amino Acid Supplementation of Leucaena Leaf Meal-Based Diet for Broiler Chicks
. Micronesica. 30(2): 429-434. Date Revised/Accepted: 30 July 1997.
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Enzyme and Amino Acid Supplementation of Leucaena Leaf Meal-Based Diet for Broiler Chicks

Abawi, F.G. & O.H. Diambra.

A total of 336 broiler chicks were used in a study to evaluate the effects of feeding high levels of leucaena leaf meal (LLM) with or without cellulase enzyme (ENZ) and/or supplemented amino acids (AA). Cellulase enzyme preparation from Penicillium funiculosum was incorporated at a rate of 5g/100kg per diet. D-L methionine and L-lysine were added to supply these amino acids at 15% above the NRC (1994) requirements. Results indicated a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in feed intake and body weight gain when chicks were fed diets containing 10% LLM. Addition of enzyme did not affect feed intake or weight gain as compared to the control group. Addition of amino acids and enzyme alone or in combination significantly improved feed conversion when compared to group fed LLM with no supplement.
Micronesica 30(2): 429-434, 1997.
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27. Cruz, J.A., T.S. Lali & R. Muniappan. 1997. A Tipburn-Resistant Head Cabbage Variety For Guam. Micronesica. 30(2): 435-437. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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A Tipburn-Resistant Head Cabbage Variety For Guam

Cruz, J.A., T.S. Lali & R. Muniappan.

In this study, we report our evaluation of the effect of N source and the varietal response to tipburn of head cabbage.
Micronesica 30(2): 435-437, 1997.
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28. Richardson, J. & M. Marutani. 1997. Effect of Pre-treatments on Seed Germination of Serianthes nelsonii Merrill (Fabaceae). Micronesica. 30(2): 439-440. Date Revised/Accepted: 02 May 1997.
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Effect of Pre-treatments on Seed Germination of Serianthes nelsonii Merrill (Fabaceae)

Richardson, J. & M. Marutani.

Micronesica 30(2): 439-440, 1997.
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