The people of Falalus Island, Woleai, subdivide their environment broadly according to six categories, three of the land and three of the sea. Land (fãlu) is conceptualized as strand or sand (pi), interior or hard-land (nimel or chumao), and swamp-land (bwul). Sea areas include the open ocean (metau), lagoon (lam), and reef (och) (cf. Alkire, 1968).

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Neither the ethnological nor the geographical evidence contained in the documentary sources pertaining to Francis Drake's first landfall after leaving the California coast in 1577 on his way around the globe indicates that this place was in the Marianas. Two island groups in the Carolines-Palau and Yap-are far better candidates; but the decision as to which of these two is the right one lies outside the scope of the present discussion.

A serological survey of leptospirosis in 180 stray or abandoned dogs was conducted on Guam and revealed that the prevalence of dog serum reactivity to leptospiral antigens was unexpectedly low. Only three of the specimens examined were considered positive. One specimen was positive for both Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae and L. canicola, and two specimens were positive for L. icterohaemorrhagiae only.

There are numerous examples of either deliberate or accidental plant introductions into the characteristically delicate Pacific Island ecosystems. In many cases, these introductions have led to significant modification of the floras of the respective island groups. The purpose of this study is to use the case of one exotic plant species, Lantana camara, to show how its introduction, in conjunction with other modifications of the environment by man, has led to the alteration of the floras of many of the major island groups throughout the tropical Pacific Ocean. Lantana seems to have been introduced into the Pacific Islands as an ornamental in "European" gardens. Subsequent to its original introduction, it has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized on almost all of the major island groups in a relatively short period of time. Moreover, it is generally a dominant member of the secondary flora wherever it has become naturalized. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine: 1) when lantana was introduced into the different island groups; 2) its present distribution; 3) the factors which have led to this distribution; 4) the factors which have allowed it to become naturalized; and, 5) the impact it has had upon the vegetation of the different island groups.

The introduced shrew, Suncus murinus, was discovered on Guam in May 1953. Its spread was rapid and probably facilitated by the transport of goods. The shrew was discovered on Saipan in August 1962 and spread from an area of about four square miles around the harbor to cover the rest of the island in about 18 months. Subsequent successful invasions have been reported for Rota (1966) and Moen, Truk Atoll (1967). The shrew has had no observable impact on ground-nesting birds. A marked decline in trap success for Mus musculus on Guam from 1958 to 1969 is the only measured change in the vertebrate fauna that can be attributed to the shrew, although changes in densities of skinks may have occurred.

The Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus, was known to be present in Saipan and certain other islands for many years, but the first record for Guam was not obtained until 1962, apparently a few years after its introduction. In contrast to the shrew, the spread of the Norway rat has been slow-the spotty records covered no more than 20 square miles by 1969. The first record for the Norway rat on Babelthaup, Palau, is noteworthy because of the apparent feral status of the species. Reasons for the different levels of success shown by the shrew and the Norway rat in Micronesia are not known.

The web of each individual was a three dimensional labyrinth of threads supporting a central dome (a horizontal orbweb with hub stretched upward); the spider hung inverted beneath the hub; a chain of one to four eggsacs was suspended above the hub. Web, spider orientation and position of eggsacs resembled that of Cyrtophora citricola, but the orbweb lacked tangle threads connecting from below and formed a dome without the edges flared upward. Five eggsacs contained from 1100 to 1850 eggs or young. Spiderlings migrated together to the edge of the labyrinth where they rested in "nursery webs". From 1 to 12 Cyrtophora occupied individual domes in 11 webs selected to be about 1 m³ Adult females built adjacent webs forming composite masses of tangle webbing (often several meters across) occupied by smaller C. moluccensis, two Argyrodes spp., Tetragnatha sp., Leucauge sp., Gea or Argiope sp. and an unidentified araneid. Excluding new spiderlings, the total number of specimens per web was 7 to 26. The number of species per web was two to five. An Argyrodes and an clubionid was seen feeding upon Cyrtophora.

The asteroid, Gomophia egyptiaca Gray, is widely distributed on the coral reefs in the Indo-West Pacific. Its larval development is of the lecithotrophic type. Reduced brachiolariae settle and metamorphose in ten days after spawning under laboratory conditions. The swimming period is extended about four weeks further when there is no substrate for settlement. This potential to prolong larval life span is not considered significant enough to account for the wide geographical distribution of Gomophia. Swimming behavior of the larvae does not seem to be adapted for long-distance transportation by surface currents. A hypothesis that transportation of the postmetamorphosis stage by means of drifting or migrating substrate, on which larvae settle, is proposed.

A collection of shallow-water Asteroidea from southeastern Polynesia, representing 25 species in 18 genera and 10 families, is described. A new genus and species, Devania naviculiforma (Ophidiasteridae) and two new species, Ctenophoraster marquesensis (Astropectinidae) and Allostichaster peleensis (Asteriidae) are described and illustrated.

The following species are recorded from islands in southeastern Polynesia for the first time: Luidia cf. maculata (Marquesas Islands); Astropecten polyacanthus (Marquesas, Pitcairn and Easter(?) Islands); A. triseriatus fijiensis (Easter Island); Culcita novaeguineae (Marquesas, Gambier, and Pitcairn Islands); Fromia milleporella (Line Islands); Gomophia egyptiaca (Tonga, Cook, Rapa, and Society Islands); Leiaster leachi (Cook, Rapa, and Marquesas Islands); Linckia laevigata (Tuamotu Archipelago and Pitcairn Island); L . guildingi (Marquesas, Gambier and Pitcairn Islands); L. multifora (Marquesas, Gambier, Pitcairn, and Austral Islands); Ophidiaster lorioli (Austral, Rapa, Pitcairn, and Line Islands); Neoferdina cumingi (Society Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago); Asteropsis carinifera (Tuamotu Archipelago, Marquesas and Line Islands); Asterina burtoni (Line Islands); A. anomala (Tonga); Acanthaster planci (Cook, Gambier, Pitcairn, and Line Islands); Valvaster striatus (Cook Islands) and Echinaster luzonicus (Tonga).

The Asteroidea of southeastern Polynesia represent an attenuated tropical Indo-West Pacific fauna both in the number of species present and in the number of individuals of species common in the western Pacific.

The shallow water ophiuroids of southeastern Polynesia are represented by 40 species in 22 genera and 9 families reported herein. Ophiacanthidae is represented by one new species of Amphilimna, Ophiomyxidae by one species, Amphiuridae by seven, including one new species of Amphiura, Ophiactidae by four species, Ophiotrichidae by six, including one new species of Ophiothrix, Ophiocomidae by 13, including one new species of Ophiomastix, Ophionereidae by one, Ophiodermatidae by five, including one new species of Ophiopeza and a new subspecies of Ophiarachna megacantha, and Ophiuridae by two species. New records are based, for the most part, on the 1967 "Pele" Expedition and 1970-71 "Westward Expedition to southeastern Polynesia. Species included are from depths less than 80 fathoms. A key is given for all species included.

In a search of the literature of Micronesia it was noted that some areas had been reported on archaeologically and some areas had been either reported poorly or not at all. Truk, of the Caroline Islands, falls in the "not at all" category. As a result of this literary survey, it was felt that the islands of Truk deserved at least a site survey.

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This paper shows the relationships, both past and present, between the people of the central Carolines and the green sea turtle, Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus). The report focuses on the islands from Satawal to Woleai, including various uninhabited islands and atolls. Much of the information contained here is embodied in taboos, beliefs, and practices, both past and present, which for generations have been a part of life in these islands. A survey of factors governing the present harvesting of turtles shows that increased pressure in being placed on the stocks in this area. The dependence of these island people upon the sea and the green turtle as a major source of protein make it imperative that the islanders be educated as to the detrimental effect of poor management on the resource.

Man-land relations are nowhere more significant than on islands. Under conditions of rapid change and economic uncertainty, flexible systems of land tenure may be best suited to meet unexpected developments. On Rota a set de jure U.S. and Trust Territory government regulations and de facto traditional principles are operating in a way that-for the moment-has brought these disparate rule structures into a single workable tenure system. Other factors, such as low population density and non-land based alternate livelihoods, are also considered in a treatment of contemporary Rotanese land tenure.

The island of Yap in the western Caroline Islands, Micronesia suffered a substantial and prolonged reduction in population size beginning at least in the late 19th Century and continuing until the close of World War II; since 1946 the population has grown rapidly. Analysis of the marital and reproductive histories of a large sample of Yapese women reveals: the Yapese have high divorce and remarriage rates; among women born before 1927 (at least 20 years of age in 1946) there was a high incidence of sterility; and women born in 1927 or later exhibit a much increased level of fertility over that of the older women. In addition, there is a statistically significant negative correlation between numbers of spouses and numbers of pregnancies per woman among the older women, while among the younger women the correlation is positive. It has been argued that genito-urinary infections played a large role in the decline of the Yapese population, and it is proposed in the present paper that the negative correlation observed for the older cohorts is due to the increasing likelihood of acquiring a venereal infection with increasing numbers of sexual partners. After 1946, when antibiotics became available to the Yapese population, the widespread genito-urinary infections were eliminated, and thus, fertility increased and the negative correlation between spouses and pregnancies disappeared. It is also proposed that under pre-World War II conditions Yapese marriage and divorce practices present an example of a maladaptive cultural feature, contributing as they did to the spread of venereal disease among the population and, consequently, to the reduction of the Yapese population.

A new species, Udotea polychotomis, is described and tentatively assigned under genus Udotea of the green algal family Codiaceae (Siphonales). Some of the more interesting diagnostic features are: presence of trichotomous filaments in the apical portion of the frond; tendency to 'branch' or stipes of usually two fronds fused from the base down; and, occurrence of bilaminate forms, smaller fronds super-imposed over the presumably 'older' or mother frond. The Type is deposited in the Herbarium, University of Guam Marine Laboratory.

In this paper are presented critical notes and records of species of Ophioglossum (Ophioglossaceae), Waltheria (Sterculiaceae), Alyxia (Apocynaceae) and Morinda (Rubiaceae), a new varietal combination and two new varieties in Alyxia stellata, and a discussion of the generic separation of Ochrosia and Neiosperma (Apocynaceae).

Three species of octocorals are reported for the first time from the Palau Islands, two alcyonaceans and one gorgonacean, which are described and illustrated. The latter is Trichogorgia faulkneri n. sp., a shallow-water member of the holaxonian family Chrysogorgiidae, the first record of the genus for the tropical Pacific.

The poinciana looper, Pericyma cruegeri was introduced on Guam in 1971. Since then  it has become a serious pest of royal poinciana (Delonix regia) and yellow poinciana (Peltophorum pterocarpum) trees. Its distribution, host plants, type of damage, life cycle, and natural enemies on Guam are presented.

The pipefish Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch) has fewer, but larger eggs than pipefishes with enclosed or semi-enclosed brood pouches. Vigorous shakes by males during hatching are comfort movements, not direct aids to hatching fish. Parental care does not exist, the young compensating for this by large size at hatching (18.0 mm TL) and lack of yolk sac.

Eggs of the siganid fish Siganus canaliculatus, were obtained from a hormone-induced spawning, and approximately 200 larvae were reared to metamorphosis in outdoor tanks shielded from rain by a transluscent roof. Water temperatures ranged from 28 to 32°C. Rearing was more successful in large (5,500 liter) containers than in small (500 liter) ones. Larvae fed upon cultured rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) as well as copepods which become established in the rearing tanks. Older larvae were fed newly hatched Artemia nauplii, but larval mortality associated with this diet was observed. Larvae began to metamorphose on day 23; in general, metamorphosis took place at standard lengths between 20 and 24 mm. The overall percentage survival, from hatching to metamorphosis, was approximately 0.3%.

Originally prepared in connection with the Working Session on Alcohol and Kava Studies in Oceania, held at the 3rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Social Anthropology in Oceania in March 1974, this bibliography has since been expanded to include all known articles, commission reports and papers read at professional meetings dealing specifically with alcohol and kava use and abuse in the Pacific Islands. The bibliography explicitly does not contain references to sections of larger works (e.g., ethnographies) that discuss alcohol and kava in the islands.

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