Household census and village records from two communities in Truk, Micronesia, were analyzed for marital history, number of children borne, educational attainment, and current employment status for the 255 women residents aged 15-64. It was found that the proportion of women who were married in each community was lower among those with more education and among those who were either enrolled in school or currently employed outside the home. Current employment status was significantly associated with the attainment of more than an eighth grade education. Marital fertility was lower among younger women with more than an eighth grade education and among those employed in the wage economy at the time of the study. The published literature on employment, educational attainment and fertility was reviewed and compared with data obtained in this study in order to put the latter into a worldwide perspective. Differences between the two communities in attitudes toward and historical contacts with formal education were described. Small differences in the patterns of relationships among education, employment, marriage, and fertility between the two communities were discussed, although no formal comparisons between them were attempted.

All species of pteridophytes and gymnosperms known from Micronesia are listed along with their known distribution in Micronesia by islands. Basionyms, synonyms and misapplied names that have been used in print for Micronesian plants of these groups are also listed and cross-referenced. All 207 species and varieties of pteridophytes are listed, of which 198 are considered indigenous, 9 exotic. Of the indigenous ones, 31 are considered endemic to Micronesia. 26 of them are known only from the Caroline Islands, 3 from the Marianas, and 2 from both groups. There are no endemics in the Marshall and Gilbert groups or in the several isolated islands. A total of 167 species are also found outside Micronesia, mostly widespread, a few pantropical, many Indo-Pacific or Malesian-Pacitic, a few Polynesian or Melanesian. These distributions are, of course, very tentative. Thirteen names are listed but not included in the above figures as they represent records that we regard as in error or very doubtful. A number of plants which have been reported but not identified are merely listed as " sp." but not included in the above figures. The richest fern floras are those of Ponape and Palau. The relationships are mainly lndo-Pacific, especially with the Philippines, Malay Archipelago, and New Guinea. Of gymnosperms, there are only 1 indigenous, widespread species, Cycas circinalis (s.l.) and 18 planted exotics.

The plate arrangement of Podosphaeraster includes a dorsal apical system comprising a centrodorsal plate and abutting interradial and radial plates. Marginal plates are not recognisable. Podosphaeraster differs from Sphaeraster mainly by a reduction in plate number. from over 100 to 10 ventrally and from 38 to 10-12 dorsally. The digestive system of Podosphaeraster is highly specialised. The cardiac stomach is very reduced, there is no well-defined pyloric complex and there are no true rectal caeca, but a rectal canal from the pyloric floor to the anus. Histologically the digestive system is similar to other asteroids. Podosphaeraster is known from the North Atlantic and the western Pacific regions. Sphaeraster is known from Jurassic beds in southern Germany, France and Spain.

Collections from Palau, Philippine and Caroline Islands, Guam and the Great Barrier Reef contain 15 (including 2 that are new) of the 20 didemnid species known to contain algal symbionts. With the exception of the Fijian species (Diplosoma multipapillata) and two species known only from the Atlantic and eastern Pacific (Trididemnum solidum and T. della vallei), all the known species have a wide geographic range in the western Pacific and some extend into the western Indian Ocean. Populations of several of the species suggest a degree of isolation, but not speciation. The known geographic ranges of all but the most conspicuous species are affected by patterns of collecting. A key to identification of species is based on features of both the zooids and the colony and its contained spicules. Species descriptions complement those of Kott (1980).

The distribution of "Sphenomeris biflora (Kaulf.) Tagawa'' as indicated by Kramer, in Blumea 18:162-163, 1970, seems unusual among Micronesian species, being found in Guam and Alamagan, as well as farther north and west outside Micronesia. Collections from other Micronesian islands (Palau and Saipan) he places in Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon, an enormously widespread species, said by him to be lacking from the two above-mentioned islands.

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Some 400 fish names are included in the Satawalese fish nomenclature system. Satawal occupies an intermediate position in terms of the geographical, linguistic, and cultural realm of the Caroline Islands group. Despite the absence of an extensive lagoon and reefs, navigational technologies and skills have allowed the islanders to exploit the marine resources of reefs and uninhabited atolls in adjacent as well as remote seas. Folk taxa on fish cover not only a relatively wide range of fish domains, but also reveal certain unique perceptions on fish related to food and magic. This results basically from a heavy dependence on marine resources in the coral habitat. The broad trend of Satawalese nomenclature shows influences both from the eastern and the western cognates of the Trukic language.

Fanning Island, Line Islands, Kiribati, has been the site of a research project with the goal of eventually establishing profitable seaweed farms in the central Pacific. Eucheuma striatum Schmitz and E. denticulatum. (Burman) Collins and Hervey were propagated in Hawaii, cleaned of epiphytes and flown directly to Fanning Island. A seed stock from which a pilot farm could be developed was established at Metaua Point . The growth rates were approximately 4%/da in 50% shade and 6%/da in full sunlight for E. striatum and 4%/da in 50% shade and 8%/da in full sunlight for E. denticulatum. Both species persisted in good health for nearly a year after the experiment ended. The accidental introduction of extraneous alien algae was a problem. It was concluded that farms here could be competitive with Asian countries and if all the suitable areas in Fanning Island lagoon were developed, 100-150 families could be supported by seaweed farms.

Taxonomic notes are presented on Micronesian species of Cynodon, Echinochloa, Imperata, Isachne, Ischaemum, Lepturopetium, Oplismenus, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Polytrias and Pogonatherum, Saccharum, and Sorghum, and distribution extensions in Micronesia are recorded for various species in other genera.

Thalassodendron ciliatum (Forsk.) den Hartog is described for the first time from the Philippines. This report and a previous one from Palau, Western Caroline Islands represent the only distribution records of the species in the northern Pacific.

Native upland forest vegetation was organized into ecological units called habitat types on the island of Kosrae, Eastern Caroline Islands. Habitat types were described by naming the common plants which make each type unique. This habitat type system was developed specifically for the island of Kosrae.

Eleven species belonging in genus Calcinus (Decapoda, Anomura, Diogenidae) from Mariana Islands are described. This includes three previously undescribed species: Calcinus argus, Calcinus haigae, and Calcinus guamensis. Observations on life color, distribution, and natural history are given. A key to the genus is presented.

The tail-pouch (urophorine) pipefish genus Trachyrhamphus Kaup 1853 is diagnosed and treated as a senior synonym of Yozia Jordan and Snyder 1901. Synonymies, diagnoses, illustrations, key, and data on intraspecific variation and distribution are provided for three recognized species. Subadults-adults of the type-species, T. serratus (Temminck and Schlegel), and T. longirostris Kaup have denticulations on the median dorsal snout ridge and 41-53 tail rings, but differ in average snout length in HL ratios (2.5 versus 2.0 in T. longirostris). The remaining species, T . bicoarctatus (Bleeker), lacks denticulations on the snout, has a low average snout length in HL ratio (1.7) and has 55-63 tail rings. Trachyrhamphus serratus is known from SW India to Japan; T. longirostris is known from the Red Sea to Japan (including Australia); T. bicoarctatus occurs from the Persian (Arabian) Gulf and Red Sea, along the east coast of Africa, and eastward to Australia, New Caledonia, Japan and the Mariana Is. Yozia tigris (Castelnau) is referred to the monotypic Australian genus Filicampus Whitley, and Yozia punctata Kamohara is provisionally referred to the genus Halicampus Kaup.

As further collections are made on the various islands and atolls in Micronesia, algal genera and species which were once considered rare or absent are gradually being documented from this region. One such case is the green alga Ulva which I reported (Tsuda 1968) as being restricted to the peripheral margins of Micronesia, i.e., Tarawa and Abemama Atolls in the Republic of Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands) and Peleliu Island in the Republic of Belau (formerly Palau Islands).

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The identities of some of the species reported from the "Society Islands" by Hooker an d Arnott in the Botany of Captain Beechey's Voyage (1830-1841: Society Islands section 1832) have remained doubtful. To the best of our knowledge, no one has systematically examined the eastern Polynesian collections, referred to as from the "Society Islands" by Hooker and Arnott, made, principally by Lay and Collie, on the voyage of captain Beechey in H.M.S. Blossom. Individual species have been treated by monographers and floristic writers, not always with examination of all of the authentic material.

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This series of short review-type notes has been published in Micronesica during the past eleven years. The first one appeared in 1971 [7(1):238-239], the second in 1978 [14(1):124-125], and the third in 1980 [16(2):362-363]. A cumulation of these three, as well as many earlier bibliographies recently appeared in 1981 as: Bibliographies In R.E. Johannes, Making Better Use of Existing Knowledge in Managing Pacific Islands Reef and Lagoon Systems, prepared as South Pacific Regional Environmental Programme Tropic Review 4:13-18, and compiled by L.G. Eldredge.

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