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4. Kott, P 1982. Didemnid-Algal Symbioses: Host Species in the Western Pacific with Notes on the Symbiosis. Micronesica. 18 (1): 95-128. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1982.
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Didemnid-Algal Symbioses: Host Species in the Western Pacific with Notes on the Symbiosis

Kott, P

Collections from Palau, Philippine and Caroline Islands, Guam and the Great Barrier Reef contain 15 (including 2 that are new) of the 20 didemnid species known to contain algal symbionts. With the exception of the Fijian species (Diplosoma multipapillata) and two species known only from the Atlantic and eastern Pacific (Trididemnum solidum and T. della vallei), all the known species have a wide geographic range in the western Pacific and some extend into the western Indian Ocean. Populations of several of the species suggest a degree of isolation, but not speciation. The known geographic ranges of all but the most conspicuous species are affected by patterns of collecting. A key to identification of species is based on features of both the zooids and the colony and its contained spicules. Species descriptions complement those of Kott (1980).
Micronesica 18 (1): 95-128, 1982.
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Kott 1982
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didemnid-algal_symbioses_host_species_in_the_western_pacific_with_notes_on_the_symbiosis_micronesica_vol._18._no._1_june_1982.pdf (4.86 MB)
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4. Reed, R.N., J.M. Morton & G.E. Desy 2000. Use of Monofilament Snare Traps for Capture of Varanid Lizards. Micronesica. 33(1/2): 99-104. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 March 2000.
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Use of Monofilament Snare Traps for Capture of Varanid Lizards

Reed, R.N., J.M. Morton & G.E. Desy

Varanid lizards (goannas, monitors) are wary and difficult to capture. We designed a baited trap consisting of multiple monofilament snares tied in a grid pattern on wire mesh (chicken wire), and used this design to capture mangrove monitors (Varanus indicus) on Rota, in the Northern Mariana Islands. We trapped 21 individuals during sporadic trapping in 1998-99, including 7 recaptures; most trapped individuals suffered no apparent ill effects. This trap design is inexpensive and easy to transport, but requires approximately one hour of construction time per trap. This trap has the potential to provide standardized non-lethal methods for estimation of density of varanid lizards in areas where visual counts are difficult. The trap should not be used in areas where threatened non-target species (especially mid-sized carnivores or scavengers) may be captured, as nooses may injure or kill less hardy species.
Micronesica 33(1/2): 99-104, 2000.
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Reed et al 2000
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4_reed_etal.pdf (38.7 KB)
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5. Lofdahl, K.L 2017. Niche separation between the cosmopolitan species Drosophila melanogaster and the tropical Asian species Drosophila ananassae based on larval host-plant species. Micronesica. 2017-05: 1-7. Date Revised/Accepted: 13 September 2017.
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Niche separation between the cosmopolitan species Drosophila melanogaster and the tropical Asian species Drosophila ananassae based on larval host-plant species

Lofdahl, K.L

Studies of ecological separation between insects breeding in decaying fruits have rarely determined how generalist feeders can coexist. The present study tests whether two generalist and presently cosmopolitan species of fruitfly, Drosophila ananassae and Drosophila melanogaster, differ in their ability to breed on a highly acid, and possibly toxic, fruit, cucumberfruit (Oxalidaceae, Averrhoa bilimbi). Yeasted Averrhoa bilimbi fruits and yeasted banana (Musa species) fruit baits were placed out on Guam as oviposition substrates for local Drosophila species. An analysis of variance on the number of male flies of each species that eclosed from these two baits revealed a strong statistical interaction between Drosophila species and host-plant species (fruit type) (p<0.0001). The great majority of male flies eclosing from cucumberfruit were D. ananassae. In contrast, D. melanogaster was the principal species eclosing from bananas. Possibly, the geographic overlap between cucumberfruit and D. ananassae may have allowed D. ananassae to evolve a tolerance for cucumberfruit, which contains a high concentration of oxalic acid. The ability of at least some individuals of D. ananassae to breed on a common fruit that is not used by most D. melanogaster may permit coexistence of these generalist feeders on Guam and possibly other tropical Pacific Islands.
Micronesica 2017-05: 1-7, 2017.
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Lofdahl 2017
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Lofdahl2017.pdf (179.94 KB)
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5. Bennett, W.A., J.S. Rohrer, N.N. Kadir, N.A. Fangue & T. F. Dabruzzi 2018. Effects of respiratory media, temperature, and species on metabolic rates of two sympatric periophthalmid mudskippers. Micronesica. 2018-05: 1-12. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 October 2018.
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Effects of respiratory media, temperature, and species on metabolic rates of two sympatric periophthalmid mudskippers

Bennett, W.A., J.S. Rohrer, N.N. Kadir, N.A. Fangue & T. F. Dabruzzi

Oxygen uptake rates in air and water were measured at 26.0 and 32.0°C for common mudskipper Periophthalmus kalolo collected from sun-exposed mudflats, and barred mudskipper Periophthalmus argentilineatus taken from shaded mangal zones on Hoga Island, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Mass-adjusted oxygen consumption rates between mudskippers were statistically similar, with both species exhibiting higher uptake in air than water. Periophthalmus kalolo at 26.0 and 32.0°C had respective uptake values of 0.295 and 0.358 mg g(0.75)−1 hr−1 in air, and 0.198 and 0.241 mg g(0.75)−1 hr−1 in water. Periophthalmus argentilineatus at 26.0 and 32.0°C had oxygen uptake values of 0.262 and 0.343 mg g(0.75)−1 hr−1 in air, and 0.199 and 0.246 mg g(0.75)−1 hr−1 in water. While metabolic rates increased significantly in both species following an acute increase in media temperature, the change was not large, indicating a reduced metabolic response to increasing environmental temperatures. Respective temperature quotients calculated from aerial and aquatic metabolic rate data were 1.38 and 1.39 for P. kalolo, and 1.56 and 1.42 for P. argentilineatus. The data reveal that P. kalolo and P. argentilineatus exhibit similar metabolic responses when exposed to changes in media and temperature, even though each experiences markedly different diel habitat temperature profiles and insolation patterns.
 
Micronesica 2018-05: 1-12, 2018.
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BennettEtAl2018
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bennettetalproof.pdf (291.75 KB)
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5. Lofdahl, K.L. 2014. Molecular Genetic Research on Terrestrial Plants and Animals in Micronesia over the Previous 60 Years. Micronesica. 2014-05: 1-8. Date Revised/Accepted: 22 September 2014.
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Molecular Genetic Research on Terrestrial Plants and Animals in Micronesia over the Previous 60 Years

Lofdahl, K.L.

Early genetic studies in Micronesia focused on the use of protein electrophoresis to identify species and to measure genetic diversity within and among species. With the development of DNA sequencing techniques, many terrestrial species were discovered to be distinct from species on neighboring islands that share similar morphologies. With mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequencing, and also DNA profiling (microsatellites), a number of endemic and introduced species were found to have lost genetic variation upon colonization and even to have undergone subsequent genetic bottlenecks.  Other species were shown to have wide distributions maintained by considerable gene flow among islands.  DNA sequencing and microsatellite studies have also been important in ongoing research to determine the geographic origin of agricultural pests and vertebrate invasive species.  The ability to document the amount of genetic variation present in endangered species, keystone species, and invasive species offers important insights into the potential adaptability of these species to a changing environment. Considerable research opportunities exist for future population genetic studies, including the application of more advanced genetic methods, such as detection of natural polymorphisms, genome sequencing and gene expression studies.  Such investigations could be of considerable value in conservation planning, environmental management, and sustainable resource use in Micronesia through the identification of the genetic basis of specific environmental adaptations.
Micronesica 2014-05: 1-8, 2014.
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Lofdahl 2014
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lofdahll2014.pdf (170.72 KB)
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5. Czekanski-Moir, J.E Alan Raymond Olsen (1946-2018). Micronesica. 2019-5: 1-4. Date Revised/Accepted: 03 December 2019.
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Alan Raymond Olsen (1946-2018)

Czekanski-Moir, J.E

In 1966, Alan Raymond Olsen (1946 - 2018) told a psychologist working for the newly formed Peace Corps that a particular Rorschach “ink blot” test looked like an amblypygid. The psychologist was likely confused upon hearing a reference to this obscure order of arachnids, but luckily they approved Olsen to join the first class of Peace Corps volunteers sent to Micronesia. Olsen soon found himself in a village in Palau’s Ngatpang State where almost no one understood any English, all electricity was from a diesel generator, and Palauans had not yet widely started to use chairs in their houses. He would spend much of his three years in Palau teaching English and learning about the organisms and environments of Babeldaob. Olsen split his Peace Corps days between Ngatpang and Ngerchelong States, where he met future collaborators and supervisors, including Faustina Rehuher and the late Demei Otobed, as well as his future wife Angelina Smaserui. 

(Please view the entire article for the full text.)
Micronesica 2019-5: 1-4,
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czekanski-moir2019v2.pdf (528.84 KB)
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5. Yang, J., S.J. Afaisen & R. Gadi 2016. Antimicrobial activity of noni fruit essential oil on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis. Micronesica. 2016-05: 1-10. Date Revised/Accepted: 12 January 2017.
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Antimicrobial activity of noni fruit essential oil on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis

Yang, J., S.J. Afaisen & R. Gadi

Noni (Morinda citrifolia, L.) is a medicinal plant in the Pacific Islands. The noni fruit juice and powders are used as botanical dietary supplements for health benefits. In this study, we extracted noni essential oil (EO) from ripe fruit by hydro-distillation, determined its antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis, and elucidated major antimicrobial components of noni EO. Ripe noni fruit produced EO at a yield of 5% (w/w). When directly plated on tryptic soy agar (TSA), noni EO exhibited a surface minimum inhibitory concentration (MICsurface) at 0.3 μl/cm2 against E. coli O157:H7 and S. Enteritidis. With the dilution method using tryptic soy broth (TSB), noni EO exhibited a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at 4.0 μl/ml against E. coli O157:H7 and S. Enteritidis. The survival curve shows that noni EO at 4.0 μl/ml inactivated more than 8 logs of E. coli O157:H7 and S. Enteritidis in TSB. With the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, the major volatile compounds in noni EO were identified as caprylic acid (82%), 2-heptanone (8.6%), α-pinene (4.3%), camphene (2.3%), and methyl ester (2.3%). The results suggest that caprylic acid, a medium chain fatty acid, was the main component for the antimicrobial activity of noni EO.
Micronesica 2016-05: 1-10, 2016.
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Yang et al 2016
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yangetal2016proofv1.pdf (676.94 KB)
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5. Bauman, S. & A.M. Kerr 2013. Partula desolata sp. nov. (Pulmonata: Partulidae), an extinct land snail from Rota, Mariana Islands, Micronesia. Micronesica. 2013-05: 1-12. Date Revised/Accepted: 21 May 2013.
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Partula desolata sp. nov. (Pulmonata: Partulidae), an extinct land snail from Rota, Mariana Islands, Micronesia

Bauman, S. & A.M. Kerr

Partula desolata sp. nov. is described from two partial and two complete shells recovered from Late Holocene subfossil cave deposits on the island of Rota, Mariana Islands, in western Micronesia. The species is most similar to its presumed sister, the sympatric and still extant P. gibba Férussac, 1821, but is distinct from this and all other partulids by its more robust shell and exceptionally expanded and thickened peristome. Partula desolata sp. nov. appears to have survived to at least the late prehistoric human settlement of the island, ca. 1000 yr BP.
 
Hami in na'fanmalitråtu kuåttro na karakot siha nu i på'go masodda' na akaleha' ginen Luta gi iya Marianas, ni mafana'an Partula desolata n. sp. Ti lå'lala' på'go este na akaleha', ya siña ha' masodda' i karakot-ña gi amkoko' na pigo gi ge'halom liyang siha. Kulan umachule' ha' este na akaleha' yan i che'lu-ña, P. gibba Férussac, 1821, lao metgotña i karakot-ña, yan la'fedda' yan la'potpot i pachot i karakot- ña, lokkue'. I pine'lon-måmi na ginen manlå'lala' i P. desolata n. sp. meggaiña nu i mit na såkkan tåtte annai i Mañamoru ha' nu i mañåsaga gi iya Marianas. 
Micronesica 2013-05: 1-12, 2013.
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Bauman & Kerr 2013
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2013-05_bauman-kerr_partula.pdf (314.19 KB)
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5. Kelly, M, J. Hooper, V.J. Paul, G. Paulay, R. van Soest & W. de Weerdt 2003. Taxonomic inventory of the sponges (Porifera) of the Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 35-36: 100-120.
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Taxonomic inventory of the sponges (Porifera) of the Mariana Islands

Kelly, M, J. Hooper, V.J. Paul, G. Paulay, R. van Soest & W. de Weerdt

We review the sponge fauna of the Mariana Islands based on new and existing collections, and literature records. 124 species of siliceous sponges (Class Demospongiae) and 4 species of calcareous sponges (Class Calcarea) have been identified to date, representing 73 genera, 44 families, within 16 orders. Several species are adventive. Approximately 30% (40) of the species encountered are undescribed, but not all are endemics, as the authors know them from other locations. Approximately 30% (38) of the species are known from diverse locations within the Indo West Pacific, but several well-known, widespread species are absent. The actual diversity of sponge fauna of the Marianas is considerably higher, as many species, especially cryptic and encrusting taxa, remain to be collected and studied.
Micronesica 35-36: 100-120, 2003.
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Kelly et al 2003
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5-sponges.pdf (352.83 KB)
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5. Vice, D.S. & R.M. Engeman 2000. Brown Tree Snake Discoveries During Detector Dog Inspections Following Supertyphoon Paka. Micronesica. 33(1/2): 105-110. Date Revised/Accepted: 26 March 2000.
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Brown Tree Snake Discoveries During Detector Dog Inspections Following Supertyphoon Paka

Vice, D.S. & R.M. Engeman

Detector dog inspection of outbound cargo is one of several control methods applied to deter brown tree snake dispersal from Guam. In the two and a half months following the passage of Supertyphoon Paka over Guam, an increase in brown tree snake discoveries during detector dog inspections was observed. We report here on the circumstances of those discoveries and their management implications.
Micronesica 33(1/2): 105-110, 2000.
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Vice et al 2000
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5_vice_engemann.pdf (23.04 KB)
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5. Wiles, G.J., A.B. Amerson, Jr., & R.E. Beck, Jr 1989. Notes on the Herpetofauna of Tinian, Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 22 (1): 107-118. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 August 1989.
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Notes on the Herpetofauna of Tinian, Mariana Islands

Wiles, G.J., A.B. Amerson, Jr., & R.E. Beck, Jr

Sixteen species of reptiles and amphibians are known from Tinian, Mariana Islands and include Bufo marinus, Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, Gehyra oceanica, G. mutilata, Perochirus ateles, Hemidactylus frenatus, Lepidodactylus lugubris, Nactus pelagicus, Carlia fusca, Emoia caeruleocauda, E. slevini, Cryptoblepharus poecilopleurus, Lamprolepis smaragdina, Varanus indicus, and Ramphotyphlops braminus. Twelve of these species were found during a field survey in 1984 and 1985. Historic evidence indicates that at least six species have been introduced to the island.
Micronesica 22 (1): 107-118, 1989.
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Wiles, Amerson, & Beck 1989
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5-notes20on20the20herpettofauna20of20tinian2c20mariana20islands20micronesica20vol.202220no.20120aug.2c201989.pdf (427.71 KB)
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5. Reeves, W.K., C.M. Utter & L. Durden 2012. Rickettsial pathogens and arthropod vectors of medical and veterinary significance on Kwajalein Atoll and Wake Island. Micronesica. 43(1): 107-113. Date Revised/Accepted: 28 September 2011.
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Rickettsial pathogens and arthropod vectors of medical and veterinary significance on Kwajalein Atoll and Wake Island

Reeves, W.K., C.M. Utter & L. Durden

Modern surveys of ectoparasites and potential vector-borne pathogens in the Republic of the Marshall Islands and Wake Island are poorly documented. We report on field surveys of ectoparasites from 2010 with collections from dogs, cats, and rats. Five ectoparasites were identified: the cat flea Ctenocephalides felis, a sucking louse Hoplopleura pacifica, the mites Laelaps nuttalli and Radfordia ensifera, and the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Ectoparasites were screened for rickettsial pathogens. DNA from Anaplasma platys, a Coxiella symbiont of Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and a Rickettsia sp. were identified by PCR and DNA sequencing from ticks and fleas on Kwajalein Atoll. An unidentified spotted fever group Rickettsia was detected in a pool of Laelaps nuttalli and Hoplopleura pacifica from Wake Island. The records of Hoplopleura pacifica, Laelaps nuttalli, and Radfordia ensifera and the pathogens are new for Kwajalein Atoll and Wake Island.
Micronesica 43(1): 107-113, 2012.
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Reeves et al 2012
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5_reeves.utter_.durden_micronesica_431.pdf (86.77 KB)
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5. Paulay, G. & Y. Benayahu 1999. Patterns and consequences of coral bleaching in Micronesia (Majuro and Guam) in 1992-1994. Micronesica. 32(1): 109-124. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 January 1999.
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Patterns and consequences of coral bleaching in Micronesia (Majuro and Guam) in 1992-1994

Paulay, G. & Y. Benayahu

Loss of zooxanthellar symbionts from coral hosts, or “bleaching” has been increasingly noted since the 1980’s, and often attributed to elevated sea water temperatures. Here we document the first bleaching events recorded in Micronesia, one on Majuro Atoll in 1992 and another on Guam in 1994. The first caused up to 99% mortality of Acropora, altering the community structure of affected lagoonal fringing reefs from Acropora-and-Porites-dominated to Porites-dominated. Mortality of other scleractinians was low, but the common soft coral Lobophytum pauciflorum underwent large-scale dieback. Mortality in Majuro lagoon increased from west to east, peaking in the metropolitan area at the east end. The bleaching event on Guam was island-wide, in the warm season but not associated with unusually high temperatures, and associated with little mortality. Fifty-one of 75 surveyed taxa of corals bleached on Guam and 15 of 25 taxa on Majuro. Both scleractinians and alcyonaceans exhibited consistent species-specific sensitivity to bleaching among these and other locations in the tropical Pacific basin. The cause of these bleaching events is unclear, but the pattern on Majuro is suggestive of anthropogenic influence. Lack of bleaching at rural Mili Atoll 25 km from Majuro and lack of above average temperatures on Guam and Majuro suggest that regional ocean warming was not involved in either event.
 
Micronesica 32(1): 109-124, 1999.
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7_paulay.pdf (69.61 KB)
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5. Myers, R.F 1994. Clarification of the Status of the Fishes Plectropomus areolatus (Serranidae) and Lethrinus semicinctus (Lethrinidae) in the Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 27(1/2): 119-121. Date Revised/Accepted: 22 March 1994.
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Clarification of the Status of the Fishes Plectropomus areolatus (Serranidae) and Lethrinus semicinctus (Lethrinidae) in the Mariana Islands

Myers, R.F

Recent investigations have revealed that reports of the grouper Plectropomus areolatus and the emperor Lethrinus  semicinctus from  the  Marianas are based on misidentifications of other species. 
Micronesica 27(1/2): 119-121, 1994.
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Myers 1994
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271-2_article_05ed.pdf (175.05 KB)
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5. Myers, R.F 1994. Clarification of the Status of the Fishes Plectropomus areolatus (Serranidae) and Lethrinus semicinctus (Lethrinidae) in the Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 27(1/2): 119-121. Date Revised/Accepted: 22 March 1994.
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Clarification of the Status of the Fishes Plectropomus areolatus (Serranidae) and Lethrinus semicinctus (Lethrinidae) in the Mariana Islands

Myers, R.F

Recent investigations have revealed that reports of the grouper Plectropomus areolatus and the emperor Lethrinus  semicinctus from  the  Marianas are based on misidentifications of other species. 
Micronesica 27(1/2): 119-121, 1994.
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Myers 1994
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271-2_article_05ed.pdf (175.05 KB)
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5. Fosberg, F.R. & M.-H. Sachet 1982. Notes on Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon ex Kramer. Micronesica. 18 (1): 129-133. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1982.
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Notes on Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon ex Kramer

Fosberg, F.R. & M.-H. Sachet

The distribution of "Sphenomeris biflora (Kaulf.) Tagawa'' as indicated by Kramer, in Blumea 18:162-163, 1970, seems unusual among Micronesian species, being found in Guam and Alamagan, as well as farther north and west outside Micronesia. Collections from other Micronesian islands (Palau and Saipan) he places in Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon, an enormously widespread species, said by him to be lacking from the two above-mentioned islands.
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Micronesica 18 (1): 129-133, 1982.
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Fosberg & Sachet 1982
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notes_on_sphenomeris_chinensis_l._maxon_ex_kramer_micronesica_vol.18_no._1_june_1982-4.pdf (945.43 KB)
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5. Swanson, E.S. & H.A. Miller 1969. Hepaticae from Palau, Caroline Islands, II. Enumeration. Micronesica. 5 (1): 139-149. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 July 1969.
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Hepaticae from Palau, Caroline Islands, II. Enumeration

Swanson, E.S. & H.A. Miller

This concludes our report of Palauan hepatics which bas been so ably assisted by Dr. Hiroshi Inoue. A list of specimens examined and of species previously reported follows. Spellings of place names are according to Gressitt (1954) wherever possible. Occasional specimens sent for study are cited in the enumeration but, as most were derived from the Miami University Expeditions, a synopsis of localities is given so that only collection numbers are cited for each species. Micronesian and extra-Micronesian distributional data are derived from diverse sources seen in the Literature Cited and are not individually documented here.
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Micronesica 5 (1): 139-149, 1969.
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Swanson & Miller 1969
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hepaticae_from_palaucaroline_islands_ii._enumeration_by_swanson_e.s._et_al_-_micronesica_vol._5_no.1_jul._1969_o.pdf (756.17 KB)
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5. Fosberg, F.R. & M.-H. Sachet 1987. The Genus Timonius (Rubiaceae) in the Palau Islands. Micronesica. 20 (1 & 2): 157-164. Date Revised/Accepted: 05 July 2017.
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The Genus Timonius (Rubiaceae) in the Palau Islands

Fosberg, F.R. & M.-H. Sachet

A critical discussion and taxonomic treatment of the species of Timonius DC. occurring in Palau, Western Caroline Islands, recognizing and describing T. corymbosus Val. with two varieties, corymbosus and takamatsui (new), T. korrensis Kaneh., T. mollis Val. with three varieties, mollis, submollis (new), and villosissimus (new comb.), T. salsedoi (new), T. subauritus Val. with two varieties, subauritus and strigosus (new), and T. timon (Spreng.) Merrill (introduced) is presented.
Micronesica 20 (1 & 2): 157-164, 1987.
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Fosberg & Sachet 1987
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thegenustimoniusfosbergsacheto.pdf (1.59 MB)
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5. Athens, J.S 1990. Nan Madol Pottery, Pohnpei. Micronesica. Suppl. 2: 17-32. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1990.
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Nan Madol Pottery, Pohnpei

Athens, J.S

Over 7,000 pottery sherds have been recently collected from the Nan Madol site on the island of Pohnpei. A formal description of the pottery is presented, and comparisons with the pottery of other Micronesian islands are made. A series of 36 radiocarbon dates provides a wellgrounded chronology for the Nan Madol pottery. Distributional patterns of pottery at Nan Madol are discussed. It is concluded that I) the pottery is likely a Late Lapila Plain Ware variant, 2) an "island hopping" mode of initial settlement in Micronesia is unlikely, 3) the original settlers may have come directly from the Southeast Solomon or New Hebrides areas, and 4) there was little contact between Pohnpei and the various Micronesian islands after initial settlement.
Micronesica Suppl. 2: 17-32, 1990.
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Athens 1990
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supp02-05ed.pdf (1.39 MB)
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5. Peterson, J.A 2012. Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?. Micronesica. 42(1/2): 183-208. Date Revised/Accepted: 25 April 2010.
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Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?

Peterson, J.A

The functions of latte structures in Guam and the Marianas have been treated in two significant perspectives that deserve examination relative to their monumental character. The classic ethnographic and ethnohistoric perspective interpreted latte structures as part of village complexes with both residential and communal functions. Materialistic interpretations have characterized latte structures as chiefly houses with size possibly denoting relative power or rank among villagers and villages in the Marianas. However, examination of paleoenvironmental data, recent migration models depicting dispersal of matrilineal clans from the eastern Caroline Islands westward throughout what is now Micronesia, along with data from site surveys, excavations, and linguistic and ethnographic sources demonstrate that latte period settlement and architecture of the second millennium A.D. shares architectural styles, material culture, and lifeways with Micronesian islands to the east in what may have been a second and diffuse migrational movement through the region. In this model latte architecture expresses shared inter-village identities and mechanisms for conflict resolution rather than competition, warfare, and socio-economic ranking.
 
Micronesica 42(1/2): 183-208, 2012.
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5. Cruz, O.L.T. 1993. Guam Seaweed Poisoning: Presentation of Patients at the Emergency Room. Micronesica. 26(1): 19-21. Date Revised/Accepted: 29 May 1992.
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Guam Seaweed Poisoning: Presentation of Patients at the Emergency Room

Cruz, O.L.T.

Four patients with histories of eating seaweed were seen at a hospital  emergency room over a 6 hour period.  They complained of difficulty breathing (3 patients), numbness, particularly of the  lips and extremities (3), sweating (3), abdominal  pain (3), diarrhea (3), vomiting (2), blurred vision (1), and twitching of facial muscles (1). Two patients described  their  paresthesias  as  a  sensation  that  raindrops  were falling on their  skin. Laboratory  tests were unremarkable  except that  one  pa-tient  had  a  slight  increase  in  WBC's  and  one  patient  with  breathing difficulty had  an  elevated  blood  CO2. The  clinician  treating  these  patients  felt that  the  symptoms  were consistent  with a diagnosis of ciguatera  poisoning. 
Micronesica 26(1): 19-21, 1993.
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5. Hosokawa, T 1967. Life-form of Vascular Plants and the Climatic Conditions of the Micronesian Islands. Micronesica. 3 (1): 19-30. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 July 1967.
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Life-form of Vascular Plants and the Climatic Conditions of the Micronesian Islands

Hosokawa, T

It is certain that the life-form of vascular plants characterizes the physiognomy of an island ecosystem. Plant life-form may be a reflection of climatic conditions and/or edaphic factors in ecological character in a given ecosystem, and it may sometimes be considered as a climatic indicator of the ecosystem. To the Micronesian region the writer made explorations 7 times from 1933 to 1941. As one of the results of vegetation studies the writer would illustrate the relation of life-form of vascular plants to the climatic conditions of Micronesian Islands.
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Micronesica 3 (1): 19-30, 1967.
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5. Littler, M.M 1976. Calcification and its Role among the Macroalgae. Micronesica. 12 (1): 27-42. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.
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Calcification and its Role among the Macroalgae

Littler, M.M

Calcareous algae are important components of the limestone deposits of antiquity. Such deposits are often associated with petroleum reserves and, for this reason, calcareous algae have attracted attention from a broad spectrum of workers that includes geologists, phycologists and paleontologists. While nearly all have agreed that calcifying algae of modern depositional habitats are abundant, diverse and ecologically important, critical quantitative information is scarce and these organisms are in nearly every respect poorly known. Most of our knowledge of biological calcification comes from studies of bone and shell producing animals. Much of the present information on calcareous macroalgae concerns the location, appearance and degree of calcification, but the mechanisms and ultrastructural features are only beginning to be explored (see for examples Marszalek, 1971; Borowitzka, Larkum and Nockolds, 1974). Reasons for this lack of research are varied, but the naive presumption that calcium deposits in plants are fortuitous or by-products of photosynthesis and other metabolic reactions has contributed heavily.
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Micronesica 12 (1): 27-42, 1976.
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5. Reichelt, R 1979. Infaunal Polychaetes of Reef Crest Habitats at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Micronesica. 15(1-2): 297-307. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1979.
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Infaunal Polychaetes of Reef Crest Habitats at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef

Reichelt, R

Three samples from each of two microhabitat types (one was sand/rubble under dead coral rocks, the other was solid limestone with a thin layer of algal-bound sand) were collected from Heron reef  crest (23°27'S, 151°55'E), southern Great Barrier Reef. In  total, 931 polychaetes representing 20 families were recovered by seiving through an 0.1 mm mesh. Mean polychaete density for the 3 loose sand samples was 28 individuals/liter whereas it was 480 individuals/liter for the 3 solid limestone samples. For the solid substratum this is approximately 24, I 00 polychaetes/m2. Of the 6 samples, 2 were sorted to species level and four to family level only. The loose sand sample sorted to species level contained 26 individuals, 16 species and species diversity H' =2.65. The single solid limestone sample sorted to species level contained 239 individuals, 41 species and H' = 2.85. The 3 solid limestone samples were more similar to each other than to the three loose sand samples, which were also more variable. The 3 loose sand samples shared only 2  families, Syllidae and  Eunicidae, while the 3 solid limestone samples shared 8 families-Syllidae, Eunicidae, Nereidae, Chaetopteridae, Capitellidae, Amphinomidae, Terebellidae and Maldanidae. The Heron reef limestone samples were very similar in general characteristics to the polychaete assemblages in  truncated reef limestone s'amples from East Indian Ocean and  Guam with respect to the mean density, the numerical predominance of Syllidae and the abundance of Eunicidae. 
Micronesica 15(1-2): 297-307, 1979.
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5. Muniappan, R., Denton, G.R.W., Marutani, M., Lali, T.S. & C.A. Kimmons 1993. Fruit Piercing Moths in Micronesia and their Natural Enemies. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 33-39. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.
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Fruit Piercing Moths in Micronesia and their Natural Enemies

Muniappan, R., Denton, G.R.W., Marutani, M., Lali, T.S. & C.A. Kimmons

Four primary fruit piercing moths (Noctuidae) are currently found in Micronesia. They are Othereis fullonia (Marianas, Palau, Pohn­pei and Kosrae), Ercheia dubia (Guam, Rota, Tinian and Saipan), Per­icyma cruegeri (Guam, Rota and Palau) and Platyja umminia (Guam). All inflict moderate to severe damage on a variety of citrus and soft fruits at  certain times of the year and, in  this regard, O. fullonia is considered to be the most important species throughout the region. This species is native to Asia where the larvae feed on various vines (Men­ispermaceae) in contrast to the Pacific region where they feed almost exclusively on certain Erythrina spp. (Fabaceae). Although both groups of plants are unrelated taxonomically, they contain similarly structured tetracyclic erythrina-type alkaloids which, we believe, provide the chem­ical stimulus for host plant selection and thus play a key role in the successful shift from primary to secondary host species. The larval host plants of P.  cruegeri are well known (Delonix regia and Peltophorum pterocarpum), whereas those of E.  dubia and P.  umminia remain to be determined.
Several natural enemies of O. fullonia are known and the micro­hymenopteran egg parasitoids, Telenomus sp., Ooencyrtus sp. (both den­sity  dependent) and  Trichogramma sp.  (density independent) rank among the most successful biological control agents. Trichogramma sp. also parasitize the eggs of P.  cruegeri and the pupae of this species are attacked by two other parasitoids, Exorista civiloides and Brachymeria sp. 
Micronesica Suppl. 4: 33-39, 1993.
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5. Daehler, C.C. & N. Dudley 2002. Impact of the black twig borer, an introduced insect pest, on Acacia koa in the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 35-53. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.
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Impact of the black twig borer, an introduced insect pest, on Acacia koa in the Hawaiian Islands

Daehler, C.C. & N. Dudley

The Asian black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus Eichhoff 1875) became naturalized in the Hawaiian Islands in the 1960s. It attacks economically important plants (e.g. coffee) as well as endangered endemic trees. This study examined the impact of the black twig borer on koa (Acacia koa), an economically important native tree that is harvested for its fine wood. The black twig borer tunnels into healthy branches, inoculating the wood with a fungus, Fusarium solani. We tested whether F. solani is pathogenic to koa by inoculating seedlings and saplings with the fungus. We found that F. solani was not pathogenic to koa. Nevertheless, in both natural and plantation settings the beetle caused significant mortality in koa seedlings and small saplings. Mortality was associated with boring into the stem, which often caused the main stem to break. The beetles also attacked live twigs on larger saplings and trees, causing flagging, but this damage was not correlated with tree mortality and did not appear to affect koa growth rates. The main source of mortality among older saplings was infection by the vascular wilt fungus, F. oxysporum. This fungus did not appear to be spread by the black twig borer. The main economic and ecological impact of the black twig borer on koa is in the seedling and small sapling stages. In a plantation setting, these impacts could be reduced by outplanting larger saplings and/or genetic selection for resistance. We found significant genetic variation among koa maternal families in rates of black twig borer attack.
Micronesica Suppl. 6: 35-53, 2002.
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5. Miller, R.H 2004. Developing Insecticide Management for Insnesia glabrascuta (Caldwell) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) on Young Ifit Trees on Guam. Micronesica. 37(1): 37-48. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 April 2003.
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Developing Insecticide Management for Insnesia glabrascuta (Caldwell) (Homoptera: Psyllidae) on Young Ifit Trees on Guam

Miller, R.H

The effects of four pesticides on populations of the psyllid, Insnesia glabrascuta (Caldwell), were examined on ifit trees, Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O. Kuntze. The pesticides tested were Cygon®, a commercial over-the-counter formulation of dimethoate; Avid®, a commercial formulation of avermectin; Actara®, a commercial formulation of thiamethoxam; and Conserve®, a commercial formulation of spinosad. All pesticides caused initial mortality to psyllids. However, psyllid populations rapidly rebounded to pre-treatment levels in the Cygon® spray and drench treatments, while densities remained below pre-treatment levels longest in the highest concentrations of Actara®, Conserve®, and Avid® spray treatments. Psyllid population suppression was probably linked to residual activity characteristic of the different compounds and to physiological changes in tree leaves induced by feeding psyllids. Implications for the use of these pesticides for psylla management on ifit trees in Guam’s tropical insular environment are discussed.
Micronesica 37(1): 37-48, 2004.
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5. Wiles, G.J. & P.J. Conry 1990. Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Ngerukewid Islands Wildlife Preserve, Palau Islands. Micronesica. 23 (1): 41-66. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1990.
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Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Ngerukewid Islands Wildlife Preserve, Palau Islands

Wiles, G.J. & P.J. Conry

A survey of terrestrial wildlife in the Ngerukewid Islands Wildlife Preserve of southwestern Palau detected one species of frog, 13 species of reptiles, 28 species of birds, and two species of bats. Fifteen species of native forest birds probably breed in the preserve, but eight other species known from adjacent limestone islands in Palau are absent. The preserve supports relatively dense populations of Micronesian megapodes, Micronesian pigeons, Nicobar pigeons, and Micronesian fruit bats, all of which are hunted extensively elsewhere in Palau. Four active nesting mounds of megapodes were found in the preserve, with an additional two mounds present in the nearby Kmekumer Islands. Six species of seabirds are present, with brown noddies, black noddies, and bridled terns breeding in moderate numbers. Hawksbill sea turtles appear to nest regularly in the area, but illegal egg collecting is a problem. Densities of skinks and geckos are low throughout the preserve. Only one introduced species of vertebrate, the greater sulfur-crested cockatoo, was recorded in the preserve, suggesting that the island group's original fauna is still largely intact.
Micronesica 23 (1): 41-66, 1990.
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5. Uludong, F.T 1972. Comments on Political Future of Micronesia. Micronesica. 8 (1 & 2): 41-42. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1972.
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Comments on Political Future of Micronesia

Uludong, F.T

Change is part and parcel of human history; it is affecting the whole world including American society, the so-called model of democracy. Change in Micronesian society is being sculptured both intentionally and unconsciously, to fit American society. When Americans talk about development in Micronesia, they are quick to point out that the United States, despite its shortcomings in the administration of Micronesia, has done much.
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Micronesica 8 (1 & 2): 41-42, 1972.
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Uludong 1972
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5. Nishimoto, R.T. & D.G.K. Kuamo'o 1997. Recruitment of Goby Postlarvae into Hakalau Stream, Hawai'i Island. Micronesica. 30(1): 41-49. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.
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Recruitment of Goby Postlarvae into Hakalau Stream, Hawai'i Island

Nishimoto, R.T. & D.G.K. Kuamo'o

Native Hawaiian stream fishes are diadromous and re-enter streams as either clear, opaque or pigmented postlarvae after their oceanic larval phase. Recruiting postlarvae were sampled hourly over a 24-hour period for 19 consecutive months (December 1993 to June 1995) with a passive trap set at the stream mouth. Postlarvae of all native stream fish species were collected and the mean fish size at entry into Hakalau stream did not vary over the sample period. There were two size classes: hinana, Sicyopterus stimpsoni, 23.61 mm SL and ahina, Awaous guamensis, 15.95 mm SL, Lentipes concolor, 14.43 mm SL, Stenogobius hawaiiensis, 14.09 mm SL, Eleotris sandwicensis, 13.46 mm SL. L. concolor and S. stimpsoni recruited most heavily immediately after sunrise while S. hawaiiensis and E. sandwicensis were most common after dark and during the rising tide. A. guamensis occurred throughout the 24-hour period but with recruitment peaks around the high tides. Postlarval recruitment into streams was greatest after periods of heavy rainfall and subsequent freshets.
Micronesica 30(1): 41-49, 1997.
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