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3. Blas, F 1993. Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 26(1): 9-10. Date Revised/Accepted: 29 May 1992.

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Introductory Remarks

Blas, F

Archbishop Apuron, Dr. Cruz, Mr. Camacho, distinguished panelists, distinguished visitors and friends from Guam: On behalf of the Governor and the people of Guam I would like to welcome you to this very important and vital conference. I add my kudos to the ones that have been expressed already to Dr. E. Cruz and his assistant Aurora Cabanero for coordinating the conference, and I congratulate them for taking a leading role in this very important issue. Each of you today is here to help us solve a mystery, a mystery as puzzling as anything Sherlock Holmes has ever had to solve, a mystery which we could call.. The Case of the Toxic Seaweed". While perhaps none of us here is a Sherlock Holmes, I want you to know that I'm very impressed by the level of expertise, the amount of knowledge, and the vast experience that the assembled panel brings to this conference. You will bring your collective wisdom to bear on this mystery as we attempt to solve this riddle. Many theories have been proposed, perhaps many more may yet be presented. Some of these theories may prove to be false leads but others may lead to the path of a solution.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 26(1): 9-10, 1993.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
Blas 1993	pdf 261_confart03.ed_.pdf (113.41 KB)	113.41 KB

4. Orr, M 2019. Potential Grey Reef Shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) Nursery on Seamounts Southwest of Guam. Micronesica. 2019-4: 1-8. Date Revised/Accepted: 23 November 2019.

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Potential Grey Reef Shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) Nursery on Seamounts Southwest of Guam

Orr, M

The grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, is a coastal-pelagic schooling shark often associated with deeper areas near coral reefs, atoll passes and lagoons with strong tidal flow. Currently listed as “near threatened” by the UCIN, grey reef sharks, as with many other shark species, are considered to be in rapid decline. Here I report observations of high-density aggregations of young grey reef sharks at a small and relatively shallow continental seamount South-West of the Marianas island of Guam. Juvenile grey reef sharks were found to be 9.3 and 5.6 times higher in abundance on the observed sea mount compared to the surrounding seamounts over successive years. Grey reef shark pupping grounds have not previously been reported in the Marianas archipelago potentially identifying this locality as a rare suitable habitat for grey sharks to reproduce. A discussion of the physical characteristics of the sea-mount and a comparison between these observations and the established criteria for shark nurseries is presented.

Micronesica 2019-4: 1-8, 2019.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
Orr2019	pdf Orr2019.pdf (180.49 KB)	180.49 KB
GraySharkVidOrr2019	mp4 1_march_9_2018_28_sharks_babay_banks.mp4 (24.39 MB)	24.39 MB
GraySharkCountOrr2019	png GreySharkCount.png (643.96 KB)	643.96 KB
GraySharkMeasureOrr2019	png GreySharkMeasureOrr2019.png (1.31 MB)	1.31 MB

4. Kolinski, S.P., J. Cruce, D.M. Parker, G.H. Balazs & R. Clarke 2014. Migrations and Conservation Implications of Post-Nesting Green Turtles from Gielop Island, Ulithi Atoll, Federated States of Micronesia. Micronesica. 2014-04: 1-9. Date Revised/Accepted: 07 November 2014.

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Migrations and Conservation Implications of Post-Nesting Green Turtles from Gielop Island, Ulithi Atoll, Federated States of Micronesia

Kolinski, S.P., J. Cruce, D.M. Parker, G.H. Balazs & R. Clarke

Post-nesting migrations of thirteen green turtles tagged at Gielop Island, Ulithi, Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia, were tracked by satellite transmitters in 2005-2007. Eight of the turtles traveled west to the Philippines with an average distance of 2600 km. One turtle migrated nearly 6000 km through Philippines and Vietnamese waters to Malaysia, and three migrated north to Japan. Consistent site transmissions exceeding 30 days suggest turtles had reached their feeding destinations. Results of satellite tracking data indicate substantial green turtle resource connectivity between Gielop Island nesting areas and Philippine and Japan feeding habitats, in support of previous flipper tag recoveries. Satellite telemetry offers the advantage of real time monitoring of turtle movements and migration, enhancing opportunities for public education and international cooperation in resource conservation and management.

Micronesica 2014-04: 1-9, 2014.

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Kolinski Et al 2014	pdf kolinskietalproofv3.pdf (2.63 MB)	2.63 MB

4. Tsuda, R.T. & N. Sukhraj 2016. Reassessment of Seagrass Species in the Marshall Islands. Micronesica. 2016-04: 1-10. Date Revised/Accepted: 22 December 2016.

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Reassessment of Seagrass Species in the Marshall Islands

Tsuda, R.T. & N. Sukhraj

Recent collections of specimens of Halophila gaudichaudii J. Kuo, previously identified as Halophila minor (Zollinger) den Hartog, from Kwajalein Atoll in September 2016 and the archiving of the specimens at BISH validate the previous observation of this seagrass genus in the Marshall Islands. Previously, no voucher specimen was available for examination. Molecular analyses of the Kwajalein Halophila specimens may demonstrate conspecificity with Halophila nipponica J. Kuo with H. gaudichaudii relegated as a synonym. Herbarium specimens of Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenberg and Hemprich ex Ascherson from Majuro Atoll were found at BISH and may represent the only specimens from the Marshall Islands archived in a herbarium. Cymodocea rotundata, however, has been documented in past literature and archived via digital photos in its natural habitat in Majuro. The previous validation of Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson with specimens, and the recent validation of Halophila gaudichaudii and Cymodocea rotundata with specimens reaffirm the low coral atolls and islands of the Marshall Islands as the eastern limit for the three species in the Pacific Ocean.

Micronesica 2016-04: 1-10, 2016.

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	pdf tsudasukhraj_proof_vfinalv2.pdf (1.53 MB)	1.53 MB

4. Birkeland, C., J.T. Carlton, S.L. Coles, N.L. Evenhuis, M.G. Hadfield, R.K. Kropp, J.A. Marsh & R.T. Tsuda 2013. Obituary: Lucius Gilbert Eldredge III (1938 - 2013). Micronesica. 2013-04: 1-3. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 May 2013.

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Obituary: Lucius Gilbert Eldredge III (1938 - 2013)

Birkeland, C., J.T. Carlton, S.L. Coles, N.L. Evenhuis, M.G. Hadfield, R.K. Kropp, J.A. Marsh & R.T. Tsuda

Micronesica 2013-04: 1-3, 2013.

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Birkeland Et al 2013	pdf 2013-04_obituary_lucius_gilbert_eldredge_iii.pdf (125.05 KB)	125.05 KB

4. Tsuda, R.T., P.S. Vroom, K.N. Page-Albins & L. Giuseffi 2015. Micronesica. 2015-04: 1-19. Date Revised/Accepted: 09 December 2015.

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Marine Benthic Algae from Seamounts along the Mariana Islands, Western Pacific

Tsuda, R.T., P.S. Vroom, K.N. Page-Albins & L. Giuseffi

The marine benthic algae from six seamounts, i.e., isolated submerged reefs, banks and shoals, along the Mariana Islands were identified and recorded based on SCUBA collections obtained during the August˗September 2003 and the September 2005 cruises by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The algae represented the first collections obtained from Supply Reef, Zealandia Bank and Tatsumi Reef within the Mariana Arc and from Stingray Shoal, Pathfinder Reef, and Arakane Reef within the West Mariana Ridge. A total of 67 species were documented, i.e., 8 species of blue-green algae, 30 species of red algae, 5 species of brown algae, and 24 species of green algae. Thirty-one algal species were collected only from seamounts within the West Mariana Ridge, and 5 algal species were collected only from seamounts (including Santa Rosa Reef reported previously) within the Mariana Arc. The remaining 31 algal species were recorded from seamounts along both the West Mariana Ridge and Mariana Arc. Aside from 5 taxa identified only to genus, 4 species of red algae (Antithamnion decipiens, Ceramium isogonum, Chondria bullata and Gayliella transversalis) were new records for Micronesia (including Mariana Islands). Ten additional species of red algae (Caulacanthus ustulatus, Ceramium affine, Ceramium codii, Chondria simpliciuscula, Dasya cf. corymbifera, Jania pumila, Jania rubens, Lomentaria hakodatensis, Polysiphonia dotyi and Polysiphonia sertularioides) were new records for the Mariana Islands.

Micronesica 2015-04: 1-19, 2015.

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Tsuda et al 2015	pdf tsudaetal2015pfinalv1.pdf (838.65 KB)	838.65 KB

4. Craig, R.J 2021. External Morphology of Mariana Island Passerines. Micronesica. 2021-4: 1-9. Date Revised/Accepted: 13 September 2021.

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External Morphology of Mariana Island Passerines

Craig, R.J

Quantification of bird morphology is valuable for evaluating population structure and for investigating environmental drivers of such major energy expenditures as breeding and molt. I made morphological measurements primarily on two lesser known species on the Mariana Island of Saipan, the Bridled White-eye (Zosterops conspicillatus) and Saipan Reed-warbler (Acrocephalus hiwae), although I measured incidentally captured Rufous Fantails (Rhipidura rufifrons), Micronesian Myzomelas (Myzomela rubrata) and Golden White-eyes (Cleptornis marchei). As is typical for passerines, males of all five species averaged larger than females particularly in wing chord, although for the Bridled White-eye differences were small and somewhat conflicting. Discriminant function analysis demonstrated that Bridled White-eye and Saipan Reed-warbler sexes differed significantly, with sexes of these species and those of the Micronesian Myzomela best separated by measurements of wing chord. Both the Bridled White-eye and Saipan Reed-warbler showed evidence of molting particularly toward the end of the wet season and having breeding peaks during the dry season, thereby seasonally segregating these energetically expensive activities. Further study of seasonal resource availability may clarify the mechanisms involved in driving the choice of season for molt and peak breeding.

Micronesica 2021-4: 1-9, 2021.

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Craig 2021	pdf craig2021.pdf (608.35 KB)	608.35 KB

4. Balazs, G.H., D.M. Parker & M.R. Rice 2017. Ocean pathways and residential foraging locations for satellite tracked green turtles breeding at French Frigate Shoals in the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica. 2017-04: 1-19. Date Revised/Accepted: 16 October 2017.

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Ocean pathways and residential foraging locations for satellite tracked green turtles breeding at French Frigate Shoals in the Hawaiian Islands

Balazs, G.H., D.M. Parker & M.R. Rice

From 1992-2014 the breeding migrations of 20 green turtles, Chelonia mydas, were satellite tracked either from or to the colonial nesting site of French Frigate Shoals (FFS), a geologically ancient mid-point in the 2400 km arc of the Hawaiian Islands. Using the Argos System, ocean routes and travel schedules were mapped and the home ranges of foraging area destinations were calculated and portrayed by Minimum Convex Polygons. None of the turtles migrated outside the Central North Pacific (CNP) region of Hawai‘i. Fifteen of the 17 turtles tracked from FFS migrated to the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) to the southeast, while one turtle went directly south to the foraging site of Johnston Atoll within the CNP, and another ceased transmitting midway between FFS and the MHI. Transit times from FFS to the MHI ranged from 16-94 days. Distances covered during each migration ranged from 830-3936 km with travel rates of 1.2-2.5 km/hr. Upon arrival at residential locations transmissions continued for 2-314 days. The post-breeding pathways taken by the turtles comprised two general corridors. Thirteen of the turtles traveled well offshore south of the island chain. In contrast, two turtles traveled a more direct pathway over the banks and reefs of the Hawaiian Islands chain. After arriving in the MHI, all but one traveled coastally until crossing the deep channels separating each island. Nine widely separated home range foraging destinations were identified. Two of the largest bays in the Hawaiian Islands, Kane‘ohe Bay on O‘ahu and Kahului Bay on Maui, were the destinations for ~50% of the turtles, thereby emphasizing the conservation importance of these two locations for adults in the Hawaiian green turtle population. Our study brings together for the first time Hawaiian green turtle tracking data collected over the span of 22 years.

Micronesica 2017-04: 1-19, 2017.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
Balazs et al 2017	pdf balazs_et_al_2017.pdf (3.86 MB)	3.86 MB

4. Kastner, M., R.C. Lee & J.W. Stanford 2018. First records of Narcissus Flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina) and Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) for the Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 2018-04: 1-4. Date Revised/Accepted: 04 August 2018.

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First records of Narcissus Flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina) and Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) for the Mariana Islands

Kastner, M., R.C. Lee & J.W. Stanford

We recorded observations of a Narcissus Flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina) and a Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) on Guam, the southernmost and largest of the Mariana Islands. The flycatcher was seen once, on 23 October 2017, while the cuckoo was observed on seven occasions from 5 to 28 December 2017. Both species were found at night, during Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) searches in the northern part of the island. These are the first records of the species for Guam and the Mariana Islands.

Micronesica 2018-04: 1-4, 2018.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
KastnerEtAl2018	pdf kastneretal2018.pdf (3.1 MB)	3.1 MB

4. Myers, R.F., R.L. Pyle, T.J. Donaldson & G.C. Fiedler 2022. John Ernst Randall (1924-2020). Micronesica. 2022-04: 1-8. Date Revised/Accepted: 27 December 2022.

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John Ernst Randall (1924-2020)

Myers, R.F., R.L. Pyle, T.J. Donaldson & G.C. Fiedler

Our knowledge of the reef fishes of the world can be attributed to the work of thousands of scientists and naturalists who, over the course of hundreds if not thousands of years, have sought to understand the high diversity of tropical and subtropical waters. In the field of taxonomy, no one really knew more than John E. Randall (known to his friends and colleagues as ‘Jack’). While the names Bleeker, Valenciennes, Jordan, Günther, Cuvier, Fowler and other historically prominent ichthyologists come to mind, Randall’s contributions excel above those of others simply because he so often got it right. Randall described or co-described over 834 fish species (a couple of dozen or more remain to be published). Remarkably, 97% of his species descriptions remain valid. This is an astounding accomplishment in and of itself that towers above all others. For a true appreciation of his impact on scientists as well as amateurs interested in fishes and reefs, one must consider his extensive publishing record of over 940 scientific papers, books and book chapters that reveals his knowledge of the biogeography, ecology and behavior of reef fishes as well as his exceptional abilities as an explorer, scuba diver, photographer, writer and teacher. Jack Randall passed away peacefully on 26 April 2020 in his home in Oahu, Hawai’i just a few weeks short of his 96th birthday.

Micronesica 2022-04: 1-8, 2022.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
MyersEtAl2022	pdf myersetal2022.pdf (464.27 KB)	464.27 KB

4. Dabruzzi, T.F., M.L. Wygoda & W.A. Bennett 2012. Some Like it Hot: Heat Tolerance of the Crab-Eating Frog, Fejervarya cancrivora. Micronesica. 43(1): 101-106. Date Revised/Accepted: 30 September 2011.

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Some Like it Hot: Heat Tolerance of the Crab-Eating Frog, Fejervarya cancrivora

Dabruzzi, T.F., M.L. Wygoda & W.A. Bennett

We used Critical Thermal Methodology to quantify thermal tolerance of the crab-eating frog, Fejervarya cancrivora, from Hoga Island, southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The critical thermal maximum of F. cancrivora was 42.1 ± 0.76 C, and is perhaps the highest thermal tolerance value known in an anuran acclimatized to 25 C. The frogs’ ability to tolerate extreme high temperatures allows them to exploit abiotically harsh mangal habitats and accounts for their wide distribution across the tropical Pacific.

Micronesica 43(1): 101-106, 2012.

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Dabruzzi et al 2012	pdf 4_dabruzzi.wygoda.bennett_micronesica_431.pdf (95.61 KB)	95.61 KB

4. Steele, J.C. 1993. Guam Seaweed Poisoning: Common Marine Toxins. Micronesica. 26(1): 11-18. Date Revised/Accepted: 29 May 1992.

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Guam Seaweed Poisoning: Common Marine Toxins

Steele, J.C.

Ciguatera poisoning is the most frequently diagnosed type of marine food intoxication on Guam. It occurs world-wide in tropical areas but is more common in some regions than others. Large predatory reef fish are most likely to accumulate substantial levels of ciguatoxin in their flesh but there is no readily available way to tell which individual fish may be affected. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea and characteristic neurologic abnormalities. Treatment is symptomatic: no specific therapy is available although intravenous administration of mannitol has been recommended.

Micronesica 26(1): 11-18, 1993.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
Steele 1993	pdf 261_confart04ed.pdf (388.28 KB)	388.28 KB

4. Swanson, E.S 1969. Hepaticae from Palau, Caroline Islands, I. Phytogeography. Micronesica. 5 (1): 131-137. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 July 1969.

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Hepaticae from Palau, Caroline Islands, I. Phytogeography

Swanson, E.S

The Palau Islands are strategically located between New Guinea and the Marianas and due east of Mindanao, about long. 134°E. lat. 7°N. Because of their location, they could have served as a steppingstone in the migration of a diverse flora into Micronesia and the Pacific islands. The following study was undertaken to determine probable origins and affinities of the liverworts. The study was possible because of extensive collections available from the Miami University Collegiate Rebel Expedition in 1960 and the Miami University NSF Expedition to Micronesia in 1965.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (1): 131-137, 1969.

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Swanson 1969	pdf hepaticae_from_palau_caroline_islands_i.phytogeography_by_swanson_e.s._-_micronesica_vol._5_no.1_jul._1969_o.pdf (513.91 KB)	513.91 KB

4. Fosberg, F.R. & M.-H. Sachet 1987. Noteworthy Micronesian Plants. 5. Micronesica. 20 (1 & 2): 131-156. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1987.

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Noteworthy Micronesian Plants. 5.

Fosberg, F.R. & M.-H. Sachet

Precursory taxonomic and nomenclatural notes to the check-list of Micronesian monocotyledons and to certain parts of the Flora of Micronesia, containing studies of Micronesian species of Crinum (Liliaceae: Amaryllidae)-Crinum asiaticum var. pedunculatum new combination; Dianella (Liliaceae)-Dianella saffordiana new species; Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae)-Dioscorea esculenta var. tiliaefolia new combination; Curcuma (Zingiberaceae); Didymoplexis (Orchidaceae); Liparis (Orchidaceae)-Liparis yamadae new combination; Habenaria (Orchidaceae)-Habenaria setifera new combination; Malaxis (Orchidaceae)-Malaxis calcarea, M. kerstingiana, M. trukensis, M. volkensii, new combinations; Nervilia (Orchidaceae); Spathoglottis (Orchidaceae); Rhynchophreatia (Orchidaceae)-Rhynchophreatia pacifica, R. carolinensis, new combinations; Taeniophyllum (Orchidaceae); and Trachoma (Orchidaceae). Preliminary keys to the Micronesian species of several of these genera are provided, and specimens are cited.

Micronesica 20 (1 & 2): 131-156, 1987.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
Fosberg & Sachet 1987	pdf noteworthymicronesia_fosbergsacheto.pdf (4.96 MB)	4.96 MB

4. Hunter-Anderson, R.L 2012. Running to stay in place: An adaptive escalation model for the latte period. Micronesica. 42(1/2): 148-182. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 April 2010.

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Running to stay in place: An adaptive escalation model for the latte period

Hunter-Anderson, R.L

Archaeological data from a large inland area in south-central Guam show that cultural adjustments, including technological and social adaptations, enabled the ancestral Chamorros of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia, to remain farmer-fishers despite environmental challenges associated with a major climatic oscillation, from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, c. A.D. 800–1350) to the Little Ice Age (LIA, c. A.D. 1350–1900). People responded appropriately to the difficult conditions of the LIA, such as increased aridity, typhoons, and related harvest shortfalls, by “running faster” (building upon and adding to earlier practices). This “Red Queen Principle” is invoked as part of an adaptive escalation model for the latte period cultural system. Eventually the tolerance limits for stresses to the system were exceeded during prolonged and violent clashes with Spanish colonizers in the late 17th Century, as farming conditions continued to deteriorate. Tests of the model are suggested.

Micronesica 42(1/2): 148-182, 2012.

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Hunter-Anderson 2012	pdf 4_smhunter-anderson-pp148-182.pdf (641.4 KB)	641.4 KB

4. Nafus, D 1991. Movement of New Insects into the Carolines and Marshalls in Recent Years. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 15-31. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Movement of New Insects into the Carolines and Marshalls in Recent Years

Nafus, D

In 1986, surveys of crop insects were conducted in Palau, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, and in 1989, in Jaluit and Majuro. In the Marshalls, 20 species of insects were found to have entered Majuro or Jaluit for the first time. Of these, ten species were new to the Marshalls, and the rest were already present on other atolls. Using 1975 as the base year, Majuro acquired 16 new records, corresponding to a rate of 1.1 new pests per year, and Jaluit had nine new records, or 0.6 new insects per year. These rates are lower than those for Guam, which got 2.5 new introductions per year during the 1980s. In the Carolines, between 1976 and 1986, Pohnpei acquired about 1.4 new insects per year, Yap 1.1, Palau 0. 7, Kosrae 0. 7, and Chuuk 0.6. Many of the new records in the Carolines were range extensions of insects already present. In both the Carolines and the Marshalls, scales, whiteflies, and other Homoptera accounted for most of the new introductions, but new species of moths, beetles, flies, and thrips were represented as well.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 15-31, 1991.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
Nafus 1991	pdf sup03-04ed.pdf (862.58 KB)	862.58 KB

4. Saragih, H., H. Okuhira & S. Yoshida 2003. Influence of Transmigration on Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 17-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Influence of Transmigration on Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Saragih, H., H. Okuhira & S. Yoshida

In the 31 years of the Sulawesi transmigration program that ended in 1998, a strong correlation between population and food crops production was observed. As a product of the increasing numbers of people added each year, the Sulawesi population grew by 2.99% with food production increasing by 4.87%. This study indicates that it is feasible, using system dynamics, to simulate sustainable agriculture while concurrently estimating population increase and land availability. From 1998, the model used a time span of 50 years. Analysis shows that the agricultural land sector grew steeply from the 20th to 30th year, overshooting the population curve. From the 25th year on, nonagricultural land increased while agricultural labor decreased. Results likewise show that population/land and population/agricultural land declined until the 30th year, and growth was reduced by as much as 50%. Until the 27th year, the ratio of agricultural production to population had been adequate. All variables in the system have been equilibrium-seeking since the 30th year. The fundamental role of resource constraints in controlling growth and bringing about equilibrium is clearly observed in this model. This study also shows that agricultural land development precedes nonagricultural land development. Agricultural land decline is mainly due to nonagricultural land conversion, such as for public facilities, environmental purposes, and other construction. Deregulation in the form of a multiplier and an adaptive system construction is needed to sustain agriculture from the 30th year.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 17-40, 2003.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
Saragih, Okuhira & Yoshida 2003	pdf 04-suppl_7_17-40_saragih.pdf (213.47 KB)	213.47 KB

4. Thaman, R.R Lantana camara: Its Introduction, Dispersal and Impact on Islands of the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Micronesica. 10 (1): 17-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1974.

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Lantana camara: Its Introduction, Dispersal and Impact on Islands of the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Thaman, R.R

There are numerous examples of either deliberate or accidental plant introductions into the characteristically delicate Pacific Island ecosystems. In many cases, these introductions have led to significant modification of the floras of the respective island groups. The purpose of this study is to use the case of one exotic plant species, Lantana camara, to show how its introduction, in conjunction with other modifications of the environment by man, has led to the alteration of the floras of many of the major island groups throughout the tropical Pacific Ocean. Lantana seems to have been introduced into the Pacific Islands as an ornamental in "European" gardens. Subsequent to its original introduction, it has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized on almost all of the major island groups in a relatively short period of time. Moreover, it is generally a dominant member of the secondary flora wherever it has become naturalized. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine: 1) when lantana was introduced into the different island groups; 2) its present distribution; 3) the factors which have led to this distribution; 4) the factors which have allowed it to become naturalized; and, 5) the impact it has had upon the vegetation of the different island groups.

Micronesica 10 (1): 17-40,

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Thaman 1974	pdf lantana_camara-_its_introduction_dispersal_and_impact_on_islands_of_the_tropical_pacific_ocean_by_thaman_r.r._-micronesica_vol._10_no._2_dec._1974_o.pdf (7.41 MB)	7.41 MB

4. Uchida, T 1967. Observations on the Monitor Lizard, Varanus indicus (Daudin) as a Rat Control Agent on Ifaluk, Western Caroline Islands. Micronesica. 3 (1): 17-18. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 July 1967.

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Observations on the Monitor Lizard, Varanus indicus (Daudin) as a Rat Control Agent on Ifaluk, Western Caroline Islands

Uchida, T

Two kinds of rats, i.e., roof rat, Rattus rattus (L.) and Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans (Peale) have become widespread among the islands of the Central and South Pacific. Coconuts are being subjected to extremely heavy rat damage. Not only is there ensuing economic loss, but rat-gnawed coconuts are intensively utilized as larval habitats by mosquitos including vectors of Bancroftian filariasis and dengue. Effective integrated rat control procedures are therefore of pressing importance to the Pacific Islands in general. Such procedures would call for the joint use, against an adequate background of ecological knowledge, of chemical and biological control measures. The latter might well involve the use of predators, and in this connexion it has been report ed that Varanus indicus (Daudin), a large grey-green monitor lizard which has been introduced into certain Micronesian islands, is of local importance as a rat control agent.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 3 (1): 17-18, 1967.

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Uchida 1967	pdf observations_on_the_monitoor_lizard_vol.3_no._1_jul_1967o.pdf (785.11 KB)	785.11 KB

4. Wiebe, W.J 1976. Nitrogen Cycle on a Coral Reef. Micronesica. 12 (1): 23-26. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1976.

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Nitrogen Cycle on a Coral Reef

Wiebe, W.J

While coral reefs are characterized by high rates of biological productivity, it has long been a puzzle to biologists as to how this is accomplished. Most reefs exist in oceanic deserts where phytoplankton production is extremely low. In nutrient poor waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean, nitrogen is believed to be the most limiting element (Thomas and Owen, 1971). Starting in 1971 on the Symbios expedition (Johannes et al., 1972), a group of scientists examined the nitrogen flux of a windward reef at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands. In this paper I wish to review these findings.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 12 (1): 23-26, 1976.

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Wiebe 1976	pdf nitrogen_cycle_on_a_coral_reef_by_wiebe_w.j._-micronesica_vol.12_no.1._jun._1976_o.pdf (274.31 KB)	274.31 KB

4. Sands, D.P.A., Liebregts, W.J.M.M. & R.J. Broe 1993. Biological Control of the Fruit Piercing Moth, Othreis fullonia (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Pacific. Micronesica. Suppl. 4: 25-31. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1993.

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Biological Control of the Fruit Piercing Moth, Othreis fullonia (Clerck) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the Pacific

Sands, D.P.A., Liebregts, W.J.M.M. & R.J. Broe

Adults of the fruit piercing moth Othreis fulIonia are serious pests of ripening fruit in most islands of the western Pacific, eastern Australia and parts of Southeast Asia. In some countries egg parasitoids are abundant, contributing to biological control of the moth but few natural enemies of larvae are effective. In Papua New Guinea, O. fulIonia is not sufficiently abundant to be considered a pest due, it is believed, to the activity of natural enemies, particularly egg parasitoids.
The most active hymenopterous egg parasitoids from Papua New Guinea, a Telenomus sp. and an Ooencyrtus sp. have been established in Western Samoa in 1988 and in Fiji in 1990 respectively. The abundance of eggs of O. fulIonia and the number hatching have declined in Western Samoa since establishment of Telenomus sp. The contribution by egg parasitoids to biological control of O. fullonia in the Pacific is discussed.

Micronesica Suppl. 4: 25-31, 1993.

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Sands et al 1993	pdf sup04-04-sandsetaled.pdf (867.51 KB)	867.51 KB

4. Kinzie III, R.A 1997. Evolution and Life History Patterns in Freshwater Gobies. Micronesica. 30(1): 27-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1997.

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Evolution and Life History Patterns in Freshwater Gobies

Kinzie III, R.A

Gobioid fishes have invaded freshwater systems from the tropics to warm temperate regions. This move has brought about many changes in the biology of the fishes that have made the transition. However, the basic reproductive biology of most freshwater gobioids appears to be similar to that seen in near-shore marine species. Many freshwater gobioids retain a link to the sea through their amphidromous life cycle, but several genera have produced landlocked forms with no diadromy. Egg size, and the inversely related fecundity, change markedly when landlocking results in the production of non-planktonic young. Where it has been determined, the planktonic phase in the amphidromous species is quite long relative to typical shallow water marine gobies and is particularly long in the genus Awaous, which has other atypical features in its reproductive biology. Patterns of endemism in freshwater gobioids may be explained only in part by the length of planktonic larval life.

Micronesica 30(1): 27-40, 1997.

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Kinzie1997	pdf 4_-_kinzieocr.pdf (785.93 KB)	785.93 KB

4. Kay, E.A., G.J. Vermeij & L.G. Eldredge 1983. Molluscs of the Northern Mariana Islands, with special reference to the selectivity of oceanic dispersal barriers. Micronesica. 19 (1-2): 27-55. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1983.

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Molluscs of the Northern Mariana Islands, with special reference to the selectivity of oceanic dispersal barriers

Kay, E.A., G.J. Vermeij & L.G. Eldredge

The shelled molluscan fauna of the Northern Marianas, a chain of volcanic islands in the tropical western Pacific, consists of at least 300 species. Of these, 18 are unknown from or are very rare in the biologically better known southern Marianas. These northern-restricted species are over-represented among limpets and in the middle to high intertidal zones of the northern Marianas. At least 22 gastropods which are common in the intertidal zone and on reef flats of the southern Marianas are absent in the northern Marianas.

The northern Marianas lie within the presumed source area of the planktonically derived part of the Hawaiian marine fauna. The ocean barrier between the northern Marianas and the Hawaiian chain appears to select against archaeogastropods and against intertidal species but is unselective with respect to adult size and to other aspects of gastropod shell architecture. These findings are consistent with those for other dispersal barriers.

Micronesica 19 (1-2): 27-55, 1983.

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	pdf molluscs_of_the_northern_marian_islands_with_special_reference_to_the_selectivity_of_oceanic_dispersal_barriers_micronesica_vol._19_no._1-2_dec._1983-5.pdf (15.83 MB)	15.83 MB

4. Daily, F.K., W.A. Daily, R.W. Hoshaw, & M. Schefter 1990. Periphyton, Excluding Diatoms and Desmids, from Yap, Caroline Islands. Micronesica. 23 (1): 27-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1990.

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Periphyton, Excluding Diatoms and Desmids, from Yap, Caroline Islands

Daily, F.K., W.A. Daily, R.W. Hoshaw, & M. Schefter

Freshwater habitats of Yap, Federated States of Micronesia, are described, including first algal records. Periphyton and other visible algae were collected chiefly from streams and ponds. Streams were well shaded and lacked algae except in clearings; dominant algae were Schizothrix calcicola and Microcoleus spp. (Cyanophyta) and Cladophora sp. (Chlorophyta). Open ponds were dominated by blue-green algal mats, but some also had abundant Nitella and desmids. Desmids and diatoms were numerous and will be treated in other papers. The species list is short: 12 blue-green algae, 2 red algae, 2 charophytes, 7 filamentous greens, and 5 flagellates. All are new records for Yap and many for Micronesia. No endemic species were found. The freshwater algal flora of the Yap Islands does not show characteristics of the biota of "oceanic" islands.

Micronesica 23 (1): 27-40, 1990.

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Daily, Hoshaw, & Schefter 1990	pdf 4-_periphyton2c20excluding20diatoms20and20desmids2c20from20yap2c20caroline20islands20micronesica20vol.202320no.20120june201990.pdf (502.15 KB)	502.15 KB

4. Wall, G.C 2002. Microscopic Aliens Threatening the Pacific Region. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 29-33. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Microscopic Aliens Threatening the Pacific Region

Wall, G.C

Exotic agricultural pests are constantly finding their way into new geographic locations. In the Pacific region, island nations have enjoyed the benefit of being isolated until the last couple of centuries. The advent of air travel has really accelerated the rate of spread of exotic pests, and this is causing new pest outbreaks in the region even today. One part of this paper is dedicated to considering how existing pest information could be used to reduce this spread of exotic pests into the Pacific region, and more specifically, into the island of Guam. The second part looks at Tinangaja, a unique coconut disease occurring only on Guam, and how it could be prevented from spreading elsewhere.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 29-33, 2002.

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Wall 2002	pdf 04-wall_29-33.pdf (14.82 KB)	14.82 KB

4. Wiles, G.J., Aguon, C.F., Davis, G.W. & D.J Grout 1995. The Status and Distribution of Endangered Animals and Plants in Northern Guam. Micronesica. 28(1): 31-49. Date Revised/Accepted: 21 December 1994.

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The Status and Distribution of Endangered Animals and Plants in Northern Guam

Wiles, G.J., Aguon, C.F., Davis, G.W. & D.J Grout

A variety of indigenous animals and plants have become endangered or extirpated this century on Guam in the Mariana Islands. Taxa experiencing losses include nearly all resident birds, all mammals, sea turtles, many lizards, four tree snails, and several plants. This paper reviews the status of endangered species in the northern portion of the island. A large segment of this area is included in the newly established Guam National Wildlife Refuge. Northern Guam still holds the island's largest populations of Mariana crows (Corvus kubaryi), Micronesian starlings (Aplonis opaca), Mariana fruit bats (Pteropus mariannus), two tree snails (Partula radiolata and P. gibba), and the trees Serianthes nelsonii and Heritiera longipetiolata, as well as several important turtle nesting beaches. The demise of these species is primarily related to the introduction of the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) and other exotic animals, overhunting, and the destruction or modification of natural habitats.

Micronesica 28(1): 31-49, 1995.

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Wiles et al 1995	pdf 281_article_05ed.pdf (1.13 MB)	1.13 MB

4. Vice, D.S. & D.L. Vice 2004. Prey items of migratory peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) on Guam. Micronesica. 37(1): 33-36. Date Revised/Accepted: 02 February 2003.

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Prey items of migratory peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) and Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) on Guam.

Vice, D.S. & D.L. Vice

N/A - Research Note

Micronesica 37(1): 33-36, 2004.

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Vice & Vice 2004	pdf 33-36_vice_371.pdf (172.2 KB)	172.2 KB

4. Benbow, M.E., A.J. Burky & C.M. Way 2001. Hawaiian Freshwater Polychaeta: a Potentially Substantial Trophic Component of Stream Depositional Habitats. Micronesica. 34(1): 35-46.

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Hawaiian Freshwater Polychaeta: a Potentially Substantial Trophic Component of Stream Depositional Habitats

Benbow, M.E., A.J. Burky & C.M. Way

In this paper we report the widespread occurrence of large annelids (Polychaeta: Nereididae) in Hawaiian stream depositional habitats, drawing attention to the lack of knowledge of Hawaiian stream energetics. Specimens of Namalycastis sp. were collected from five Hawaiian Islands from May–July 1995 and from the island of Maui from July–December 1999 and April–July 2000. Most specimens collected were N. hawaiiensis, while two specimens of N. abiuma were collected from a single site on the island of Molokai. Specimens were collected from elevations ranging from 3–240 m; several collections were from sites above at least one major (> 15 m high) waterfall. Habitats were characterized by slow-moving or stagnant water, water temperatures ranging from < 18–29 C, mixed gravel and sand substrates with organic detritus. Specimens were found among roots of vegetation along stream edges, in small lava pockets, buried in loose gravel, and in depressions between, under, and inside porous rocks. Body lengths of preserved specimens ranged from ~ 9 to 150 mm among islands and streams between years and seasons. Polychaetes were usually abundant in these habitats indicating a nearly ubiquitous distribution of Namalycastis, and suggesting ecological importance for stream benthic trophic dynamics throughout the Hawaiian archipelago.

Micronesica 34(1): 35-46, 2001.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
Benbow et al 2001	pdf 4_benbow_et_al.pdf (124.11 KB)	124.11 KB

4. Mason, L 1972. Comments on Political Future of Micronesia. Micronesica. 8 (1 & 2): 37-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1972.

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Comments on Political Future of Micronesia

Mason, L

The problem to which these remarks are addressed is the manner in which village Micronesians are, or are not, participating in the dialogue at higher levels regarding their future political status. By "village Micronesian" I mean the many who are living in small communities and hamlets on the main islands and in the outlying atolls, as distinguished from the relatively few who crowd together in the district centers of the Trust Territory. These who comprise the "many" are significantly different from the "few" in the weight of tradition manifested in their style of living, in the limited exposure to Western society and custom, in the relatively little impact of economic development programs, and in the restricted opportunity available even today for expanding their horizons beyond atoll and island boundaries.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 8 (1 & 2): 37-40, 1972.

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Mason 1972	pdf comments_on_political_future_in_micronesia_mason_l._-micronesica_vol._8_no._1-2_dec._1972_o.pdf (244.85 KB)	244.85 KB

4. Hamner, W.M. & D.F. Dunn 1980. Tropical Corallimorpharia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa): Feeding by Envelopment. Micronesica. 16 (1): 37-42. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1980.

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Tropical Corallimorpharia (Coelenterata: Anthozoa): Feeding by Envelopment

Hamner, W.M. & D.F. Dunn

Three species of tropical Australian corallimorpharians (family Actinodiscidae) lacking ectodermal nematocysts in their discal tentacles feed by entrapping prey with their oral discs. The largest species can close in three seconds, engulf four liters of water, and capture shrimps and fishes. It has captured anemonefishes in aquaria.

Micronesica 16 (1): 37-42, 1980.

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File Name	File Type (view/download)	File Size
Hamner & Dunn 1980	pdf tropical_corallimorpharia_coelenterata_anthozoa_feedin_by_envelopment_micronesica_vol._16_no._1_june_1980o.pdf (5.41 MB)	5.41 MB

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