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3. Schreiner, I.H 1991. Sources of New Insects Established on Guam in the Post World War II Period. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 5-13. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Sources of New Insects Established on Guam in the Post World War II Period

Schreiner, I.H

The introduction of exotic species into Guam is a continuing problem, with the many serious insect pests being post World War II introductions. In the 1980s at least 25 new species were accidentally introduced. New pests include a grasshopper, a scarab beetle, several noctuid moths and a variety of small beetles, scales, thrips, whiteflies. In the last decade about one-third of the new pests on Guam apparently originated from the New World via Hawaii. Other pests arrived from the Oriental region and from other islands in the Micronesian area. Although the mode of introduction of most insects cannot be determined with precision, it can be deduced in at least three recent cases, one having arrived via an Air Force flight, and two having arrived with commercial shipments of ornamentals from Hawaii. The movement of ornamental plants and flowers is probably the most important means by which insects are currently moved around the Pacific region.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 5-13, 1991.

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Schreiner 1991	pdf sup03-03ed.pdf (388.77 KB)	388.77 KB

3. Klassen, W., C.F. Brodel & D.A. Fieselmann 2002. Exotic Pests of Plants: Current and Future Threats to Horticultural Production and Trade in Florida and the Caribbean Basin. Micronesica. Suppl. 6: 5-27. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2002.

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Exotic Pests of Plants: Current and Future Threats to Horticultural Production and Trade in Florida and the Caribbean Basin

Klassen, W., C.F. Brodel & D.A. Fieselmann

The threat of exotic pest organisms to horticultural industries and to imports and exports of agricultural products in the Caribbean Basin and Florida is extremely serious. The rate of establishment of exotic pests in Florida exceeds that in California and rivals that in Hawai‘i. During the past 2 decades, Asia has become almost as important as the neotropics as a main source of invaders, and there has been an increase in establishment rates for species belonging to the Acari, Homoptera and Thysanoptera. Efforts to contain and eradicate newly established immigrant pest populations have been limited to only a few major pests. We determined that roughly 130 significant exotic arthropod pests are present in the Caribbean, sensu lato, but not yet in Florida, as well as substantial numbers external to the Caribbean Basin.
The United States has relied on inspection of arriving cargo and passengers at the port of entry as one of the main approaches to exclusion of exotic pests. Since volumes of arriving cargo are doubling every six years , this approach is no longer adequate. Thus the National Plant Board asserted that the U.S. safeguarding system should shift primary reliance from port-of-entry inspection to off-shore actions, including risk mitigation in production areas, certification of pest-free status at point of origin and pre-clearance at the port of export. Off-shore risk can be mitigated by area-wide biologically-based suppression, creation of pest-free production areas and inspection, treatment (if necessary) and certification at the port of export. Most compelling for Florida would be the regionalization of pest exclusion programs throughout the Caribbean Basin, because a dangerous organism that establishes in one of the countries quickly endangers the entire Basin.

Micronesica Suppl. 6: 5-27, 2002.

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Klassen, Brodel & Fieselmann 2002	pdf 03-klassen_5-27.pdf (270.16 KB)	270.16 KB

3. Jackson, W.B 1967. Productivity in High and Low Islands with Special Emphasis to Rodent Populations. Micronesica. 3 (1): 5-15. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 July 1967.

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Productivity in High and Low Islands with Special Emphasis to Rodent Populations

Jackson, W.B

Pacific islands of two principal types offer somewhat contrasting environments. The high island offers an environment of high annual rainfall (often in excess of 200 inches), moderate temperatures, and lush vegetation. The atoll is somewhat drier (usually less than 150 inches) and warmer (80°F. or higher average temperature), the more xeric conditions resulting in somewhat lower bioproductivity. (While my comments relate to experience in Micronesia and more specifically in the Marshalls and eastern Carolines, the parameters considered here relate to other areas of the Pacific as well.)

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 3 (1): 5-15, 1967.

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Jackson 1967	pdf productivity_in_high_and_low_islands_with_special_emphasis_to_rodent_populations_by_jackson_w.b._-_micronesica_vol.3_no.1_jul_1967o.pdf (4.52 MB)	4.52 MB

3. Costion, C.M. & D.H. Lorence 2012. The Endemic Plants of Micronesia: A Geographical Checklist and Commentary. Micronesica. 43(1): 51-100. Date Revised/Accepted: 09 July 2011.

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The Endemic Plants of Micronesia: A Geographical Checklist and Commentary

Costion, C.M. & D.H. Lorence

The Micronesia-Polynesia bioregion is recognized as a global biodiversity hotspot. However, until now estimates regarding the number of endemic plant species for the region were not supported by any compre- hensive published work for the region. The results of this study indicate that Micronesia has the world’s highest percentage of plant endemism per square kilometer out of all globally recognized insular biodiversity hot- spots. A checklist of all endemic plant species for Micronesia is presented here with their corresponding geographical limits within the region. A summary of previous work and estimates is also provided noting the degree of taxonomic progress in the past several decades. A total of 364 vascular plant species are considered endemic to Micronesia, most of them being restricted to the Caroline Islands with a large percentage restricted to Palau. The checklist includes seven new combinations, one new name, and two unverified names that require additional study to verify endemic status. Overviews of each respective botanical family represented in the list are given including additional information on the Micronesian taxa. Recommendations for future work and potential projects are alluded to throughout the text highlighting major data gaps and very poorly known taxa. The following new combinations and names are made: Cyclosorus carolinensis (Hosokawa) Lorence, comb. nov., Cyclosorus gretheri (W. H. Wagner) Lorence, comb. nov., Cyclosorus guamensis (Holttum) Lorence, comb. nov., Cyclosorus palauensis (Hosokawa) Lorence, comb. nov., Cyclosorus rupiinsularis (Fosberg) Lorence, comb. nov., Dalbergia hosokawae Costion nom. nov., Syzygium trukensis (Hosokawa) Costion & E. Lucas comb. nov.

Micronesica 43(1): 51-100, 2012.

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Costion & Lorence 2012	pdf 3_costion.lorence_micronesica_431.pdf (323.55 KB)	323.55 KB

3. Sasakawa, M 1994. Insects of Micronesia Volume 14, no. 8 Diptera: Tethinidae. Micronesica. 27(1/2): 51-72. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 1994.

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Insects of Micronesia Volume 14, no. 8 Diptera: Tethinidae

Sasakawa, M

The Tethinidae of Micronesia are revised based on study of over 2,000 specimens. The region contains 3 genera (Tethina, Dasyrhicnoessa, and Pseudorhicnoessa) and 8 species; 3 species are described as new: Dasyrhicnoessa asymbasia, n. sp., D. boninensis, n. sp., and D. phyllodes, n. sp. A key to the genera and species is provided.

Micronesica 27(1/2): 51-72, 1994.

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Sasakawa 1994	pdf 271-2_article_03ed.pdf (1.19 MB)	1.19 MB

3. Stone, B.C 1991. The Genus Loheria Merrill (Myrsinaceae). Micronesica. 24 (1): 65-80. Date Revised/Accepted: 20 June 1990.

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The Genus Loheria Merrill (Myrsinaceae)

Stone, B.C

Loheria Merrill (Myrsinaceae) is revised; six species are included, of which one is new (L. jubilaria) and one is a new combination (L. crassifolia, transferred from Amblyanthopsis). The genus occurs only in the Philippine Islands (four species) and New Guinea (two species). Within the family Myrsinaceae, Loheria has close relationships to Fittingia Mez, Tapeinosperma Hook.f, and Discocalyx Mez, in particular to the first of these. The genus is characterized by its dioecious often tetramerous or pentamerous but sometimes trimerous flowers, the few (usually 5-3) uniseriate ovules, the distinctly elongated filaments, the short ovate eglandular anthers, the discoid-capitate stigma on a well-developed style, the specialized lateral short shoots bearing few strongly reduced or no leaves and an involucre of crowded bracts below the panicles, and the erect, un- or few-branched "schöpfbaum" habit with large, mostly obovate, distally crowded leaves.

Micronesica 24 (1): 65-80, 1991.

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Stone 1991	pdf article3o.pdf (903.21 KB)	903.21 KB

3. Rubinstein, D 1978. Native place- names and geographic systems of Fais, Caroline Islands. Micronesica. 14(1): 69-82. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 June 1978.

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Native place- names and geographic systems of Fais, Caroline Islands

Rubinstein, D

This paper presents three geographic systems from Fais, an isolated, raised coral island in the Yap District of Micronesia. One is a system of bounded, named parcels of land which entirely map the island area. The second is a system of offshore mapping, by intersecting radial and concentric axes. This third is a series of known coral heads and fishing sites. These three systems operate interdependently to accurately specify land and marine locations. Two maps illustrate these systems; a Glossary gives 320 native place-names and their meanings.

Micronesica 14(1): 69-82, 1978.

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	pdf rubenstein-3.pdf (2.29 MB)	2.29 MB

3. Rowe, F.W.E., D. Nichols, & M. Jangoux 1982. Anatomy of the Spherical, Valvatid Starfish Podosphaeraster (Echinodermata; Asteroidea) with Comments on the Affinities of the Genus. Micronesica. 18 (1): 83-94. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1982.

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Anatomy of the Spherical, Valvatid Starfish Podosphaeraster (Echinodermata; Asteroidea) with Comments on the Affinities of the Genus

Rowe, F.W.E., D. Nichols, & M. Jangoux

The plate arrangement of Podosphaeraster includes a dorsal apical system comprising a centrodorsal plate and abutting interradial and radial plates. Marginal plates are not recognisable. Podosphaeraster differs from Sphaeraster mainly by a reduction in plate number. from over 100 to 10 ventrally and from 38 to 10-12 dorsally. The digestive system of Podosphaeraster is highly specialised. The cardiac stomach is very reduced, there is no well-defined pyloric complex and there are no true rectal caeca, but a rectal canal from the pyloric floor to the anus. Histologically the digestive system is similar to other asteroids. Podosphaeraster is known from the North Atlantic and the western Pacific regions. Sphaeraster is known from Jurassic beds in southern Germany, France and Spain.

Micronesica 18 (1): 83-94, 1982.

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Rowe, Nichols, & Jangoux 1982	pdf anatomy_of_the_spherical_valvatid_starfish_podosphaeraster_micronesica_vol.18_no._1_june_1982-2.pdf (1.81 MB)	1.81 MB

3. Pultz, S., D. O'Daniel, S. Krueger, H. McSharry & G. Balazs 1999. Marine Turtle Survey on Tinian, Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 32(1): 85-94. Date Revised/Accepted: 15 August 1998.

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Marine Turtle Survey on Tinian, Mariana Islands

Pultz, S., D. O'Daniel, S. Krueger, H. McSharry & G. Balazs

Turtle nesting activity for 1995 occurred between 31 January and 16 July. A minimum of 24 nests were laid, with additional nesting activity that could represent as many as 24 nests. Six green turtles (Chelonia mydas), were tagged between 1 April and 23 May 1995. Two to four additional turtles were believed to have been nesting, but were not encountered. Mean curved carapace length for tagged turtles was 104.5 ± 2.5cm, and mean width was 94.2 ± 3.5 cm. Although turtles were encountered on different beaches, individual tagged turtles were encountered on the same beach every time. Mean incubation period was 62 ± 5 days. Mean clutch size was 91 ± 10 eggs, with a mean hatch success of 89 percent for successful nests. Percentage of successful nests was not calculated as nests were evacuated on an opportunistic basis. During ten aquatic surveys conducted during the nesting season, all 36 turtles observed were green turtles and 92 percent were subadults. Data from this study combined with anecdotal historical information reveal that virtually all of Tinian’s beaches are used by turtles for nesting.

Micronesica 32(1): 85-94, 1999.

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Pultz et al 1999	pdf 4_pultz.pdf (35.81 KB)	35.81 KB

3. Blas, F 1993. Introductory Remarks. Micronesica. 26(1): 9-10. Date Revised/Accepted: 29 May 1992.

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Introductory Remarks

Blas, F

Archbishop Apuron, Dr. Cruz, Mr. Camacho, distinguished panelists, distinguished visitors and friends from Guam: On behalf of the Governor and the people of Guam I would like to welcome you to this very important and vital conference. I add my kudos to the ones that have been expressed already to Dr. E. Cruz and his assistant Aurora Cabanero for coordinating the conference, and I congratulate them for taking a leading role in this very important issue. Each of you today is here to help us solve a mystery, a mystery as puzzling as anything Sherlock Holmes has ever had to solve, a mystery which we could call.. The Case of the Toxic Seaweed". While perhaps none of us here is a Sherlock Holmes, I want you to know that I'm very impressed by the level of expertise, the amount of knowledge, and the vast experience that the assembled panel brings to this conference. You will bring your collective wisdom to bear on this mystery as we attempt to solve this riddle. Many theories have been proposed, perhaps many more may yet be presented. Some of these theories may prove to be false leads but others may lead to the path of a solution.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 26(1): 9-10, 1993.

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Blas 1993	pdf 261_confart03.ed_.pdf (113.41 KB)	113.41 KB

4. Orr, M 2019. Potential Grey Reef Shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) Nursery on Seamounts Southwest of Guam. Micronesica. 2019-4: 1-8. Date Revised/Accepted: 23 November 2019.

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Potential Grey Reef Shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) Nursery on Seamounts Southwest of Guam

Orr, M

The grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, is a coastal-pelagic schooling shark often associated with deeper areas near coral reefs, atoll passes and lagoons with strong tidal flow. Currently listed as “near threatened” by the UCIN, grey reef sharks, as with many other shark species, are considered to be in rapid decline. Here I report observations of high-density aggregations of young grey reef sharks at a small and relatively shallow continental seamount South-West of the Marianas island of Guam. Juvenile grey reef sharks were found to be 9.3 and 5.6 times higher in abundance on the observed sea mount compared to the surrounding seamounts over successive years. Grey reef shark pupping grounds have not previously been reported in the Marianas archipelago potentially identifying this locality as a rare suitable habitat for grey sharks to reproduce. A discussion of the physical characteristics of the sea-mount and a comparison between these observations and the established criteria for shark nurseries is presented.

Micronesica 2019-4: 1-8, 2019.

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Orr2019	pdf Orr2019.pdf (180.49 KB)	180.49 KB
GraySharkVidOrr2019	mp4 1_march_9_2018_28_sharks_babay_banks.mp4 (24.39 MB)	24.39 MB
GraySharkCountOrr2019	png GreySharkCount.png (643.96 KB)	643.96 KB
GraySharkMeasureOrr2019	png GreySharkMeasureOrr2019.png (1.31 MB)	1.31 MB

4. Fernandez, M.A.P., B. San Nicolas, J. McConnell & M. Marutani 2024. A PCR-Based Method for Sex Determination of Cycas micronesica (Cycadaceae). Micronesica. 2024-4: 1-11. Date Revised/Accepted: 06 July 2024.

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A PCR-Based Method for Sex Determination of Cycas micronesica (Cycadaceae)

Fernandez, M.A.P., B. San Nicolas, J. McConnell & M. Marutani

Cycas micronesica is an arborescent, dioecious cycad native to Micronesia. Once the most abundant tree species in Guam, the native C. micronesica population on the island has sharply declined due to invasive insect predation. While conservation efforts have focused on restoring in situ populations with ex situ propagated plants, sexing at the time of outplanting remains challenging in the absence of sexually dimorphic traits. Despite these limitations, a reliable method of sexing remains critical in ensuring reproductive function within a population for the conservation of the species. Recently, a PCR-based method was reported for sexing Cycas panzhihuaensis using primers that amplify a male-specific MADSY/CYCAS_034085 gene and its nearest autosomal homolog CYCAS_010388 as an internal control. However, the compatibility of this sexing primer set with C. micronesica is not well understood given the lack of genetic information for C. micronesica. The present study evaluated these PCR-based methods in sexing male (n = 17) and female (n = 13) C. micronesica individuals, finding amplification inconsistencies indicative of primer incompatibility with C. micronesica. From our findings, we developed an improved primer set with redesigned male-specific primers CYCmic_MADSY (F/R) demonstrating its improved accuracy and reliability in correctly sexing all C. micronesica individuals. Our revised PCR-based method provides a rapid, reliable protocol for sexing C. micronesica. The information generated from this method has potential for guiding conservation studies and efforts aimed at re-establishing viable, seed-producing populations of this native species.

Micronesica 2024-4: 1-11, 2024.

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	pdf FernandezEtAl2024.pdf (568.06 KB)	568.06 KB

4. Kolinski, S.P., J. Cruce, D.M. Parker, G.H. Balazs & R. Clarke 2014. Migrations and Conservation Implications of Post-Nesting Green Turtles from Gielop Island, Ulithi Atoll, Federated States of Micronesia. Micronesica. 2014-04: 1-9. Date Revised/Accepted: 07 November 2014.

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Migrations and Conservation Implications of Post-Nesting Green Turtles from Gielop Island, Ulithi Atoll, Federated States of Micronesia

Kolinski, S.P., J. Cruce, D.M. Parker, G.H. Balazs & R. Clarke

Post-nesting migrations of thirteen green turtles tagged at Gielop Island, Ulithi, Yap State, Federated States of Micronesia, were tracked by satellite transmitters in 2005-2007. Eight of the turtles traveled west to the Philippines with an average distance of 2600 km. One turtle migrated nearly 6000 km through Philippines and Vietnamese waters to Malaysia, and three migrated north to Japan. Consistent site transmissions exceeding 30 days suggest turtles had reached their feeding destinations. Results of satellite tracking data indicate substantial green turtle resource connectivity between Gielop Island nesting areas and Philippine and Japan feeding habitats, in support of previous flipper tag recoveries. Satellite telemetry offers the advantage of real time monitoring of turtle movements and migration, enhancing opportunities for public education and international cooperation in resource conservation and management.

Micronesica 2014-04: 1-9, 2014.

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Kolinski Et al 2014	pdf kolinskietalproofv3.pdf (2.63 MB)	2.63 MB

4. Tsuda, R.T. & N. Sukhraj 2016. Reassessment of Seagrass Species in the Marshall Islands. Micronesica. 2016-04: 1-10. Date Revised/Accepted: 22 December 2016.

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Reassessment of Seagrass Species in the Marshall Islands

Tsuda, R.T. & N. Sukhraj

Recent collections of specimens of Halophila gaudichaudii J. Kuo, previously identified as Halophila minor (Zollinger) den Hartog, from Kwajalein Atoll in September 2016 and the archiving of the specimens at BISH validate the previous observation of this seagrass genus in the Marshall Islands. Previously, no voucher specimen was available for examination. Molecular analyses of the Kwajalein Halophila specimens may demonstrate conspecificity with Halophila nipponica J. Kuo with H. gaudichaudii relegated as a synonym. Herbarium specimens of Cymodocea rotundata Ehrenberg and Hemprich ex Ascherson from Majuro Atoll were found at BISH and may represent the only specimens from the Marshall Islands archived in a herbarium. Cymodocea rotundata, however, has been documented in past literature and archived via digital photos in its natural habitat in Majuro. The previous validation of Thalassia hemprichii (Ehrenberg) Ascherson with specimens, and the recent validation of Halophila gaudichaudii and Cymodocea rotundata with specimens reaffirm the low coral atolls and islands of the Marshall Islands as the eastern limit for the three species in the Pacific Ocean.

Micronesica 2016-04: 1-10, 2016.

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	pdf tsudasukhraj_proof_vfinalv2.pdf (1.53 MB)	1.53 MB

4. Birkeland, C., J.T. Carlton, S.L. Coles, N.L. Evenhuis, M.G. Hadfield, R.K. Kropp, J.A. Marsh & R.T. Tsuda 2013. Obituary: Lucius Gilbert Eldredge III (1938 - 2013). Micronesica. 2013-04: 1-3. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 May 2013.

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Obituary: Lucius Gilbert Eldredge III (1938 - 2013)

Birkeland, C., J.T. Carlton, S.L. Coles, N.L. Evenhuis, M.G. Hadfield, R.K. Kropp, J.A. Marsh & R.T. Tsuda

Micronesica 2013-04: 1-3, 2013.

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Birkeland Et al 2013	pdf 2013-04_obituary_lucius_gilbert_eldredge_iii.pdf (125.05 KB)	125.05 KB

4. Nguyen, A.V., M. Kastner, G.J. Wiles, C. Wagner, H.S. Pollock, H.S. Rogers, L. Duenas, E.C. Fricke, E.M. Rehm, R.M. McElderry, S.R. Siers & E.H. Paxton. 2023. A review of the ecology and conservation biology of Såli (Micronesian Starling, Aplonis opaca guami) on Guam.. Micronesica. 2023-04: 1-18. Date Revised/Accepted: 25 May 2024.

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A review of the ecology and conservation biology of Såli (Micronesian Starling, Aplonis opaca guami) on Guam.

Nguyen, A.V., M. Kastner, G.J. Wiles, C. Wagner, H.S. Pollock, H.S. Rogers, L. Duenas, E.C. Fricke, E.M. Rehm, R.M. McElderry, S.R. Siers & E.H. Paxton.

The accidental introduction of the Brown Treesnake (BTS, Boiga irregularis) to Guam following World War II led to the extinction, extirpation, or severe decline of most of Guam’s native avifauna. One forest bird species that managed to persist is the cavity-nesting Såli (Micronesian Starling, Aplonis opaca guami), a once-ubiquitous native omnivore whose current Guam distribution is restricted primarily to urbanized areas in the northern half of the island, with a second much smaller population on Cocos Island off southern Guam. Såli on Guam breed year-round and are habitat generalists with large home ranges. Besides arthropods and small vertebrates, they consume fruit from a wide range of native and introduced plant species and are key seed dispersers within the local ecosystem. Såli on Guam suffer extremely high post-fledging mortality due to predation by BTS and cats, leading to a population age structure strongly skewed towards adult birds. Other threats include habitat loss and degradation, extreme weather events, and sea level rise. Key management activities aimed at restoring this species include predator control, while non-native ungulate removal and vegetation management may be undertaken to support broader ecological recovery. This species account on Såli provides a review of the literature on this species, synthesizing information on habitat use, life history, and demographics to provide a biological foundation for future recovery efforts.

Micronesica 2023-04: 1-18, 2023.

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	pdf nguyenetal2023.pdf (512.66 KB)	512.66 KB

4. Tsuda, R.T., P.S. Vroom, K.N. Page-Albins & L. Giuseffi 2015. Micronesica. 2015-04: 1-19. Date Revised/Accepted: 09 December 2015.

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Marine Benthic Algae from Seamounts along the Mariana Islands, Western Pacific

Tsuda, R.T., P.S. Vroom, K.N. Page-Albins & L. Giuseffi

The marine benthic algae from six seamounts, i.e., isolated submerged reefs, banks and shoals, along the Mariana Islands were identified and recorded based on SCUBA collections obtained during the August˗September 2003 and the September 2005 cruises by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The algae represented the first collections obtained from Supply Reef, Zealandia Bank and Tatsumi Reef within the Mariana Arc and from Stingray Shoal, Pathfinder Reef, and Arakane Reef within the West Mariana Ridge. A total of 67 species were documented, i.e., 8 species of blue-green algae, 30 species of red algae, 5 species of brown algae, and 24 species of green algae. Thirty-one algal species were collected only from seamounts within the West Mariana Ridge, and 5 algal species were collected only from seamounts (including Santa Rosa Reef reported previously) within the Mariana Arc. The remaining 31 algal species were recorded from seamounts along both the West Mariana Ridge and Mariana Arc. Aside from 5 taxa identified only to genus, 4 species of red algae (Antithamnion decipiens, Ceramium isogonum, Chondria bullata and Gayliella transversalis) were new records for Micronesia (including Mariana Islands). Ten additional species of red algae (Caulacanthus ustulatus, Ceramium affine, Ceramium codii, Chondria simpliciuscula, Dasya cf. corymbifera, Jania pumila, Jania rubens, Lomentaria hakodatensis, Polysiphonia dotyi and Polysiphonia sertularioides) were new records for the Mariana Islands.

Micronesica 2015-04: 1-19, 2015.

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Tsuda et al 2015	pdf tsudaetal2015pfinalv1.pdf (838.65 KB)	838.65 KB

4. Craig, R.J 2021. External Morphology of Mariana Island Passerines. Micronesica. 2021-4: 1-9. Date Revised/Accepted: 13 September 2021.

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External Morphology of Mariana Island Passerines

Craig, R.J

Quantification of bird morphology is valuable for evaluating population structure and for investigating environmental drivers of such major energy expenditures as breeding and molt. I made morphological measurements primarily on two lesser known species on the Mariana Island of Saipan, the Bridled White-eye (Zosterops conspicillatus) and Saipan Reed-warbler (Acrocephalus hiwae), although I measured incidentally captured Rufous Fantails (Rhipidura rufifrons), Micronesian Myzomelas (Myzomela rubrata) and Golden White-eyes (Cleptornis marchei). As is typical for passerines, males of all five species averaged larger than females particularly in wing chord, although for the Bridled White-eye differences were small and somewhat conflicting. Discriminant function analysis demonstrated that Bridled White-eye and Saipan Reed-warbler sexes differed significantly, with sexes of these species and those of the Micronesian Myzomela best separated by measurements of wing chord. Both the Bridled White-eye and Saipan Reed-warbler showed evidence of molting particularly toward the end of the wet season and having breeding peaks during the dry season, thereby seasonally segregating these energetically expensive activities. Further study of seasonal resource availability may clarify the mechanisms involved in driving the choice of season for molt and peak breeding.

Micronesica 2021-4: 1-9, 2021.

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Craig 2021	pdf craig2021.pdf (608.35 KB)	608.35 KB

4. Balazs, G.H., D.M. Parker & M.R. Rice 2017. Ocean pathways and residential foraging locations for satellite tracked green turtles breeding at French Frigate Shoals in the Hawaiian Islands. Micronesica. 2017-04: 1-19. Date Revised/Accepted: 16 October 2017.

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Ocean pathways and residential foraging locations for satellite tracked green turtles breeding at French Frigate Shoals in the Hawaiian Islands

Balazs, G.H., D.M. Parker & M.R. Rice

From 1992-2014 the breeding migrations of 20 green turtles, Chelonia mydas, were satellite tracked either from or to the colonial nesting site of French Frigate Shoals (FFS), a geologically ancient mid-point in the 2400 km arc of the Hawaiian Islands. Using the Argos System, ocean routes and travel schedules were mapped and the home ranges of foraging area destinations were calculated and portrayed by Minimum Convex Polygons. None of the turtles migrated outside the Central North Pacific (CNP) region of Hawai‘i. Fifteen of the 17 turtles tracked from FFS migrated to the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) to the southeast, while one turtle went directly south to the foraging site of Johnston Atoll within the CNP, and another ceased transmitting midway between FFS and the MHI. Transit times from FFS to the MHI ranged from 16-94 days. Distances covered during each migration ranged from 830-3936 km with travel rates of 1.2-2.5 km/hr. Upon arrival at residential locations transmissions continued for 2-314 days. The post-breeding pathways taken by the turtles comprised two general corridors. Thirteen of the turtles traveled well offshore south of the island chain. In contrast, two turtles traveled a more direct pathway over the banks and reefs of the Hawaiian Islands chain. After arriving in the MHI, all but one traveled coastally until crossing the deep channels separating each island. Nine widely separated home range foraging destinations were identified. Two of the largest bays in the Hawaiian Islands, Kane‘ohe Bay on O‘ahu and Kahului Bay on Maui, were the destinations for ~50% of the turtles, thereby emphasizing the conservation importance of these two locations for adults in the Hawaiian green turtle population. Our study brings together for the first time Hawaiian green turtle tracking data collected over the span of 22 years.

Micronesica 2017-04: 1-19, 2017.

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4. Kastner, M., R.C. Lee & J.W. Stanford 2018. First records of Narcissus Flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina) and Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) for the Mariana Islands. Micronesica. 2018-04: 1-4. Date Revised/Accepted: 04 August 2018.

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First records of Narcissus Flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina) and Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) for the Mariana Islands

Kastner, M., R.C. Lee & J.W. Stanford

We recorded observations of a Narcissus Flycatcher (Ficedula narcissina) and a Chestnut-winged Cuckoo (Clamator coromandus) on Guam, the southernmost and largest of the Mariana Islands. The flycatcher was seen once, on 23 October 2017, while the cuckoo was observed on seven occasions from 5 to 28 December 2017. Both species were found at night, during Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) searches in the northern part of the island. These are the first records of the species for Guam and the Mariana Islands.

Micronesica 2018-04: 1-4, 2018.

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KastnerEtAl2018	pdf kastneretal2018.pdf (3.1 MB)	3.1 MB

4. Myers, R.F., R.L. Pyle, T.J. Donaldson & G.C. Fiedler 2022. John Ernst Randall (1924-2020). Micronesica. 2022-04: 1-8. Date Revised/Accepted: 27 December 2022.

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John Ernst Randall (1924-2020)

Myers, R.F., R.L. Pyle, T.J. Donaldson & G.C. Fiedler

Our knowledge of the reef fishes of the world can be attributed to the work of thousands of scientists and naturalists who, over the course of hundreds if not thousands of years, have sought to understand the high diversity of tropical and subtropical waters. In the field of taxonomy, no one really knew more than John E. Randall (known to his friends and colleagues as ‘Jack’). While the names Bleeker, Valenciennes, Jordan, Günther, Cuvier, Fowler and other historically prominent ichthyologists come to mind, Randall’s contributions excel above those of others simply because he so often got it right. Randall described or co-described over 834 fish species (a couple of dozen or more remain to be published). Remarkably, 97% of his species descriptions remain valid. This is an astounding accomplishment in and of itself that towers above all others. For a true appreciation of his impact on scientists as well as amateurs interested in fishes and reefs, one must consider his extensive publishing record of over 940 scientific papers, books and book chapters that reveals his knowledge of the biogeography, ecology and behavior of reef fishes as well as his exceptional abilities as an explorer, scuba diver, photographer, writer and teacher. Jack Randall passed away peacefully on 26 April 2020 in his home in Oahu, Hawai’i just a few weeks short of his 96th birthday.

Micronesica 2022-04: 1-8, 2022.

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4. Dabruzzi, T.F., M.L. Wygoda & W.A. Bennett 2012. Some Like it Hot: Heat Tolerance of the Crab-Eating Frog, Fejervarya cancrivora. Micronesica. 43(1): 101-106. Date Revised/Accepted: 30 September 2011.

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Some Like it Hot: Heat Tolerance of the Crab-Eating Frog, Fejervarya cancrivora

Dabruzzi, T.F., M.L. Wygoda & W.A. Bennett

We used Critical Thermal Methodology to quantify thermal tolerance of the crab-eating frog, Fejervarya cancrivora, from Hoga Island, southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. The critical thermal maximum of F. cancrivora was 42.1 ± 0.76 C, and is perhaps the highest thermal tolerance value known in an anuran acclimatized to 25 C. The frogs’ ability to tolerate extreme high temperatures allows them to exploit abiotically harsh mangal habitats and accounts for their wide distribution across the tropical Pacific.

Micronesica 43(1): 101-106, 2012.

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4. Steele, J.C. 1993. Guam Seaweed Poisoning: Common Marine Toxins. Micronesica. 26(1): 11-18. Date Revised/Accepted: 29 May 1992.

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Guam Seaweed Poisoning: Common Marine Toxins

Steele, J.C.

Ciguatera poisoning is the most frequently diagnosed type of marine food intoxication on Guam. It occurs world-wide in tropical areas but is more common in some regions than others. Large predatory reef fish are most likely to accumulate substantial levels of ciguatoxin in their flesh but there is no readily available way to tell which individual fish may be affected. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea and characteristic neurologic abnormalities. Treatment is symptomatic: no specific therapy is available although intravenous administration of mannitol has been recommended.

Micronesica 26(1): 11-18, 1993.

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Steele 1993	pdf 261_confart04ed.pdf (388.28 KB)	388.28 KB

4. Swanson, E.S 1969. Hepaticae from Palau, Caroline Islands, I. Phytogeography. Micronesica. 5 (1): 131-137. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 July 1969.

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Hepaticae from Palau, Caroline Islands, I. Phytogeography

Swanson, E.S

The Palau Islands are strategically located between New Guinea and the Marianas and due east of Mindanao, about long. 134°E. lat. 7°N. Because of their location, they could have served as a steppingstone in the migration of a diverse flora into Micronesia and the Pacific islands. The following study was undertaken to determine probable origins and affinities of the liverworts. The study was possible because of extensive collections available from the Miami University Collegiate Rebel Expedition in 1960 and the Miami University NSF Expedition to Micronesia in 1965.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 5 (1): 131-137, 1969.

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4. Fosberg, F.R. & M.-H. Sachet 1987. Noteworthy Micronesian Plants. 5. Micronesica. 20 (1 & 2): 131-156. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 December 1987.

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Noteworthy Micronesian Plants. 5.

Fosberg, F.R. & M.-H. Sachet

Precursory taxonomic and nomenclatural notes to the check-list of Micronesian monocotyledons and to certain parts of the Flora of Micronesia, containing studies of Micronesian species of Crinum (Liliaceae: Amaryllidae)-Crinum asiaticum var. pedunculatum new combination; Dianella (Liliaceae)-Dianella saffordiana new species; Dioscorea (Dioscoreaceae)-Dioscorea esculenta var. tiliaefolia new combination; Curcuma (Zingiberaceae); Didymoplexis (Orchidaceae); Liparis (Orchidaceae)-Liparis yamadae new combination; Habenaria (Orchidaceae)-Habenaria setifera new combination; Malaxis (Orchidaceae)-Malaxis calcarea, M. kerstingiana, M. trukensis, M. volkensii, new combinations; Nervilia (Orchidaceae); Spathoglottis (Orchidaceae); Rhynchophreatia (Orchidaceae)-Rhynchophreatia pacifica, R. carolinensis, new combinations; Taeniophyllum (Orchidaceae); and Trachoma (Orchidaceae). Preliminary keys to the Micronesian species of several of these genera are provided, and specimens are cited.

Micronesica 20 (1 & 2): 131-156, 1987.

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Fosberg & Sachet 1987	pdf noteworthymicronesia_fosbergsacheto.pdf (4.96 MB)	4.96 MB

4. Hunter-Anderson, R.L 2012. Running to stay in place: An adaptive escalation model for the latte period. Micronesica. 42(1/2): 148-182. Date Revised/Accepted: 10 April 2010.

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Running to stay in place: An adaptive escalation model for the latte period

Hunter-Anderson, R.L

Archaeological data from a large inland area in south-central Guam show that cultural adjustments, including technological and social adaptations, enabled the ancestral Chamorros of the Mariana Islands, Micronesia, to remain farmer-fishers despite environmental challenges associated with a major climatic oscillation, from the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, c. A.D. 800–1350) to the Little Ice Age (LIA, c. A.D. 1350–1900). People responded appropriately to the difficult conditions of the LIA, such as increased aridity, typhoons, and related harvest shortfalls, by “running faster” (building upon and adding to earlier practices). This “Red Queen Principle” is invoked as part of an adaptive escalation model for the latte period cultural system. Eventually the tolerance limits for stresses to the system were exceeded during prolonged and violent clashes with Spanish colonizers in the late 17th Century, as farming conditions continued to deteriorate. Tests of the model are suggested.

Micronesica 42(1/2): 148-182, 2012.

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Hunter-Anderson 2012	pdf 4_smhunter-anderson-pp148-182.pdf (641.4 KB)	641.4 KB

4. Nafus, D 1991. Movement of New Insects into the Carolines and Marshalls in Recent Years. Micronesica. Suppl. 3: 15-31. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1991.

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Movement of New Insects into the Carolines and Marshalls in Recent Years

Nafus, D

In 1986, surveys of crop insects were conducted in Palau, Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, and in 1989, in Jaluit and Majuro. In the Marshalls, 20 species of insects were found to have entered Majuro or Jaluit for the first time. Of these, ten species were new to the Marshalls, and the rest were already present on other atolls. Using 1975 as the base year, Majuro acquired 16 new records, corresponding to a rate of 1.1 new pests per year, and Jaluit had nine new records, or 0.6 new insects per year. These rates are lower than those for Guam, which got 2.5 new introductions per year during the 1980s. In the Carolines, between 1976 and 1986, Pohnpei acquired about 1.4 new insects per year, Yap 1.1, Palau 0. 7, Kosrae 0. 7, and Chuuk 0.6. Many of the new records in the Carolines were range extensions of insects already present. In both the Carolines and the Marshalls, scales, whiteflies, and other Homoptera accounted for most of the new introductions, but new species of moths, beetles, flies, and thrips were represented as well.

Micronesica Suppl. 3: 15-31, 1991.

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4. Saragih, H., H. Okuhira & S. Yoshida 2003. Influence of Transmigration on Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Micronesica. Suppl. 7: 17-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 January 2003.

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Influence of Transmigration on Sustainable Agriculture in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

Saragih, H., H. Okuhira & S. Yoshida

In the 31 years of the Sulawesi transmigration program that ended in 1998, a strong correlation between population and food crops production was observed. As a product of the increasing numbers of people added each year, the Sulawesi population grew by 2.99% with food production increasing by 4.87%. This study indicates that it is feasible, using system dynamics, to simulate sustainable agriculture while concurrently estimating population increase and land availability. From 1998, the model used a time span of 50 years. Analysis shows that the agricultural land sector grew steeply from the 20th to 30th year, overshooting the population curve. From the 25th year on, nonagricultural land increased while agricultural labor decreased. Results likewise show that population/land and population/agricultural land declined until the 30th year, and growth was reduced by as much as 50%. Until the 27th year, the ratio of agricultural production to population had been adequate. All variables in the system have been equilibrium-seeking since the 30th year. The fundamental role of resource constraints in controlling growth and bringing about equilibrium is clearly observed in this model. This study also shows that agricultural land development precedes nonagricultural land development. Agricultural land decline is mainly due to nonagricultural land conversion, such as for public facilities, environmental purposes, and other construction. Deregulation in the form of a multiplier and an adaptive system construction is needed to sustain agriculture from the 30th year.

Micronesica Suppl. 7: 17-40, 2003.

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Saragih, Okuhira & Yoshida 2003	pdf 04-suppl_7_17-40_saragih.pdf (213.47 KB)	213.47 KB

4. Thaman, R.R Lantana camara: Its Introduction, Dispersal and Impact on Islands of the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Micronesica. 10 (1): 17-40. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 June 1974.

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Lantana camara: Its Introduction, Dispersal and Impact on Islands of the Tropical Pacific Ocean

Thaman, R.R

There are numerous examples of either deliberate or accidental plant introductions into the characteristically delicate Pacific Island ecosystems. In many cases, these introductions have led to significant modification of the floras of the respective island groups. The purpose of this study is to use the case of one exotic plant species, Lantana camara, to show how its introduction, in conjunction with other modifications of the environment by man, has led to the alteration of the floras of many of the major island groups throughout the tropical Pacific Ocean. Lantana seems to have been introduced into the Pacific Islands as an ornamental in "European" gardens. Subsequent to its original introduction, it has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized on almost all of the major island groups in a relatively short period of time. Moreover, it is generally a dominant member of the secondary flora wherever it has become naturalized. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine: 1) when lantana was introduced into the different island groups; 2) its present distribution; 3) the factors which have led to this distribution; 4) the factors which have allowed it to become naturalized; and, 5) the impact it has had upon the vegetation of the different island groups.

Micronesica 10 (1): 17-40,

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4. Uchida, T 1967. Observations on the Monitor Lizard, Varanus indicus (Daudin) as a Rat Control Agent on Ifaluk, Western Caroline Islands. Micronesica. 3 (1): 17-18. Date Revised/Accepted: 01 July 1967.

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Observations on the Monitor Lizard, Varanus indicus (Daudin) as a Rat Control Agent on Ifaluk, Western Caroline Islands

Uchida, T

Two kinds of rats, i.e., roof rat, Rattus rattus (L.) and Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans (Peale) have become widespread among the islands of the Central and South Pacific. Coconuts are being subjected to extremely heavy rat damage. Not only is there ensuing economic loss, but rat-gnawed coconuts are intensively utilized as larval habitats by mosquitos including vectors of Bancroftian filariasis and dengue. Effective integrated rat control procedures are therefore of pressing importance to the Pacific Islands in general. Such procedures would call for the joint use, against an adequate background of ecological knowledge, of chemical and biological control measures. The latter might well involve the use of predators, and in this connexion it has been report ed that Varanus indicus (Daudin), a large grey-green monitor lizard which has been introduced into certain Micronesian islands, is of local importance as a rat control agent.

(This is the first paragraph. There is no abstract.)

Micronesica 3 (1): 17-18, 1967.

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Uchida 1967	pdf observations_on_the_monitoor_lizard_vol.3_no._1_jul_1967o.pdf (785.11 KB)	785.11 KB

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